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Net-Centric Computing Division Department of Computer Science Bogor Agricultural University swj/12 KOM 312 KOMUNIKASI DATA DAN JARINGAN KOMPUTER 1 Internet Routing Sri Wahjuni my_juni04(at)ipb.ac.id AGENDA Internet Routing Protocol Basic Routing Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Mobile swj/12 Multicast Routing IP 2 ROUTING AND FORWARDING Routing How to determine the routing table entries - carried out by routing daemon swj/12 Forwarding Look up routing table & forward packet from input to output port - carried out by IP layer Routers exchange information using routing protocols to develop the routing tables 3 ROUTING TABLE ENTRIES Destination IP Address: IP address of swj/12 complete host address or network address next-hop router or directly connected network Flags Is destination IP address a net address or host address? Is next hop, a router or directly connected? Network interface on which to send packet 4 FORWARDING PROCEDURE Does routing table have entry that matches complete destination IP address? If so, use this entry to forward Else, does routing table have entry that matches the longest prefix of the destination IP address? If so, use this entry to forward Else, does the routing table have a default entry? If so, use this entry. Else, packet is undeliverable swj/12 5 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS swj/12 Internet viewed as collection of autonomous systems Autonomous system (AS) is a set of routers or networks administered by a single organization Same routing protocol need not be run within the AS But, to the outside world, an AS should present a consistent picture of what ASs are reachable through it Stub AS: has only a single connection to the outside world Multi-homed AS: has multiple connections to the outside world, but refuses to carry transit traffic Transit AS: has multiple connections to the outside world, and can carry transit and local traffic 6 INTER AND INTRA DOMAIN ROUTING Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP): routing within AS • RIP, OSPF Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP): routing between AS’s • BGPv4 Border Gateways perform both IGP & EGP routing swj/12 IGP R EGP IGP R R R R R AS A AS C R R IGP 7 AS B AGENDA Internet swj/12 Routing Protocol Multicast Routing Mobile IP 8 MULTICASTING G1 G1 1 2 3 1 1 S 5 2 5 4 2 4 3 2 3 1 8 1 1 3 3 4 swj/12 2 4 7 2 G1 G1 5 4 2 1 2 3 3 4 1 G3 2 3 1 6 3 4 G2 G3 Source S sends packets to multicast group G1 9 MULTICAST ROUTING Multicast routing useful when a source wants to transmit its packets to multiple destinations simultaneously Relying on unicast routing by transmitting each copy of packet separately works, but can be very inefficient if number of destinations is large Typical applications is multi-party conferencing over the Internet swj/12 10 REVERSE-PATH BROADCASTING swj/12 While a router received a multicast packet: records the source address of the packet and the port the packet arrives on If the shortest path from the router back to the source is through the port the packet arrived on (parent port) : Forward the packet to all port except the one the packet arrived on Otherwise drop the packet For bandwidth efficiency: Truncated reverse-path broadcasting 11 INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (IGMP) Internet Group Management Protocol: Each multicast router periodically sends an IGMP query message to check whether there are hosts belonging to multicast groups swj/12 Host can join a multicast group by sending an IGMP message to its router Hosts respond with list of multicast groups they belong to Hosts randomize response time; cancel response if other hosts reply with same membership Routers determine which multicast groups are associated with a certain port Routers only forward packets on ports that have hosts belonging to the multicast group 12 REVERSE-PATH MULTICASTING swj/12 13 DISTANCE-VECTOR MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOL (DVMRP) Based on combination of RIP and RPM swj/12 14 AGENDA Internet swj/12 Routing Protocol Multicast Routing Mobile IP 15 ROUTING IN MOBILE IP swj/12 When an MH moves to foreign network, the MH obtained CA (care-of address) from foreign agent (FA) 16 ROUTING OPTIMIZATION swj/12 2b : binding message to save by CH in its binding cache 17 GROUP ASSIGNMENT RIP OSPF DHCP swj/12 18 REFERENCES swj/11 Garcia A.L., Widjaja A. 2004. Networks Communication : Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures 2nd ed. – Chapter 8. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19