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INFOCOM 2008. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE
AdapCode: Adaptive Network Coding for Code
Updates in Wireless Sensor Networks
I-Hong Hou, Yu-En Tsai, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, Indranil Gupta
Department of Computer Science
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
指導教授 : 陳 敬 博士
Reporter
: 黎俊廷
100學年度第一學期專題研討
2011.11.24
Outline

Introduction
Adaptive Network Coding

Simulation

Conclusions
References


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Introduction
Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN)
Code Update
Network Coding
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Introduction - WSN
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Introduction – Code Update

WSN 由多個感測節點所組成，這些節點在被佈建前，
會先依據其應用而預載入一些code，之後，眾多的節
點才被佈建在目標區域。

但由於是不熟悉的環境，研究過程中常會依環境條件
改變及需求的不同發展出新的sensing functions，新的
functions 往往不在預載入的code中。

為了節省成本與時間，也不該大費周章的重新佈建新
的節點以滿足不同的需求，取而代之的方法即是
Code Update。(類似 patch的動作)
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Code Update vs. Sensing Data
Dissemination

資料流方向不同、資料量大小不同、參與
的節點數可能差異甚多、可靠度的要求。
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Introduction – Network Coding
a
b
共6次
共4次
→ Network Coding
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview

There is one single source in the system.
The source will keep sending packets
containing those messages.

To divide the messages into sequentially
numbered pages. Each page contains a
fixed number M of messages.
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview

The source will keep on transmitting
packets and will pause for a period of T
milliseconds after finishing a page.

The choice of T is a tradeoff between traffic
and propagation time.
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview


When it succeeds in decoding all
messages within a page, it determines its
coding scheme, N, according to the
number of its neighbors.
avgNeighbor
0~4
5~7
8~10
11~
N
1
2
4
8
After determining the coding scheme, the
node sends out M/N packets.
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview
n data messages
...
t bits
a page , M＝8
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview
a page , M＝8
Node
if N ＝4
經過線性組合
New packet :
Page #
Coefficient Vector
data
Note
M : Global
N : Local
p : Global
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The coefficients (ai) of each linear combination
are randomly chosen from 0 to p − 1 ,
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Adaptive Network Coding Protocol Overview

Adaptively Determining Coding Scheme
 After the sensor succeeds in decoding that page,
using the formula:
avgNeighbor =
α × avgNeighbor + (1 − α ) × curNeighbor.
The value of α should be determined according to
the stability of the network.
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Adaptive Network Coding Dealing with NACKs

就 "求救者" 而言
During the code update process, every node keeps
a countdown timer. A node will send out a NACK to
the local broadcast address when the timer fires.
In the NACK packet, the sensor will indicate the
page number it is asking for and messages it needs
to decode all messages in the page.
但, 問題是……???
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Adaptive Network Coding Dealing with NACKs

就 "救人者" 而言
看看自己有無
能夠幫上忙的地方
When a node receives
a NACK message, it
first checks whether it
can reply with the
needed data.
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若有，選擇觀望，
先不急著出手搭救，
If it can do so, the
node will delay for a
random period of
time to see if any of
its neighbors is
replying to this NACK.
若其他人都沒出
手搭救，則我救
If no reply is heard
before the timeout,
this node will respond
to the NACK by
sending all messages
indicated in the NACK.
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Adaptive Network Coding - Flow Chart
(For a Node)
if a packet is received
construct coeffMatrix，
欲求 計算線性組合之解
若得到完整page ( 長度M )
Broadcast M/N packets
If a NACK is received
（此部份依照上頁所述之流程）
If timeout, send a NACK
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Simulation

Simulation Settings (1/2)
To consider a 10 × 10 grid of MICAZ nodes
simulated in TOSSIM of TinyOS version 2.
To compare AdapCode with Deluge, the state-of-art
code dissemination protocol.
To assume that the source needs to broadcast a
piece of code that can be divided into D packets.
To run both protocols 50 times in a grid deployment
for each grid size between 4 m and 7 m, that is, the
total area sizes are between 40 m and 70 m.
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Simulation

Simulation Settings (2/2)
To evaluate the performance for both D = 128 and
D = 1024 ,which approximately corresponds to
code images with sizes 2KB and 20KB.
Also evaluate the traffic and load balance under
random deployments.
The source will pause for T=300 milliseconds after
transmitting a page.
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Conclusions

The core idea of AdapCode is to
Using network coding to reduce data packets.
Exploit adaptive behavior to choose the best coding
scheme to reduce NACK/reply packets.
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References
[1] Updating Software in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
S. Brown, Dept. of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
C.J. Sreenan, Mobile & Internet Systems Laboratory, Dept. of Computer
Science, University College Cork, Ireland
[2] Wireless sensor networks: a survey
I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su , Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci Broadband and Wireless
Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
[3] Efficient power savings in wireless sensor networks
with network coding and overhearing avoidance
Hnin Yu Shwe and Xiaohong Jiang Electrical and Communication Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aza-Aoba,Aramaki, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan.
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Q&A
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