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ROME
Part I: The Republic
Part II: The Empire
The Origins of Rome :The Myth
Romulus and
Remus
Why was it not
called Reme?
The Truth (as we know it)
• Earliest prehistoric
settlements (1000
B.C.)
3 groups influenced
Rome
• Latin's shepherds,
plains of Latium
• Greek colonies in
Southern Italy
• Etruscans settlements
in Northern Italy
• Founded on “the seven
hills” of Rome
• Hills over a swamp!!!
Geography was important to
Roman Success
• Rome was midway
between the Alps and
Sicily
• Rome was on a river
near the Sea but not
too near
• Rome was midway
between Spain and the
Middle East
• Rome was in the
Middle of the
Mediterranean Sea
Religions
• Polytheistic
• Many early gods
had no names but
charged with taking
care of daily things
• Took signs from
nature, augury
(auspices)
• Later Greek
influences would
give Rome a Greek
Pantheon with Latin
Names.
What are some Greek Gods that
have Roman equivalents?
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Zeus
Poseidon
Hera
Hades
Chronos
Ares
Hepheastus
Aphrodite
Hermes
Social Organization
Family
Classes
• Gravitas
• Patricians - upper
(seriousness,
class
weightiness)
• Plebeians- lower
• Role of fathers was
class
important,
• Slaves- Spoils of
Patriarch
War
• Role of women
was less important
Arete vs. Gravitas
• Compare the excerpt of Hector and his
decision to fight Achilles on page 126.
• What would a Roman Hector do?
• Think Gravitas:
• Strength, Discipline, Tenacity, Loyalty,
Pragmatism
Rome achieved a
balanced government.
• Democracy• Monarchy-2
elected consuls Election of
• AristocracySenate from
patrician class
Senators, and an
assembly
• Dictatorshiponly in crisis
times
Roman Government
• Rome’s Government was balanced
• How does our government compare to
theirs?
Roman Legion
•Rome’s military
might was focused
upon its Legionary
Forces
•Infantry was tough
and adaptable
•Infantry was
augmented with
Cavalry and Artillery
The plebeians fight for equality.
• Refused to Fight in the Army. . .
• Office of the Tribunes created for the “Plebs’
– 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians
in the Senate
– Protected the rights of the plebs
• Twelve Tables – written law code; granted free
citizens protection from the government
• Citizens’ Assemblies
– All adult, Roman males could attend and vote
on representatives
Rome 265 B.C.
• Dominates the
Italian Peninsula
• Conquered
people were
citizens but could
not vote
• Allies – supplied
Rome with
troops
Rome’s Trade Empire
• Location made it easy to trade by
land and sea
• Traded wine and olive oil for food,
wood, granite, leather, etc.
• Rome wanted control of the
Mediterranean Sea trade network
• Went to war with Carthage
Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage
• Three separate wars
• 1st war (264 – 241 B.C.)
– Rome won Sicily from
Carthage
• 2nd war (218 – 202 B.C.)
– Hannibal attacked Rome
– Scipio defeats Hannibal at
the Battle of Zama
• 3rd war (149 – 146 B.C.)
– Rome destroys Carthage
– Sold 50,000 people to
slavery
Consequences of Punic Wars
• Rome loses many citizens
• Farms destroyed by Hannibal
• Rich corrupted and take
advantage of poor
• Small farmers had to sell land to
rich
• 25% of population were in poverty
First Triumvirate - Julius Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus
• They dominate Roman
politics
• Crassus died. . . Pompey
became Caesar’s rival
• Senate ordered Caesar to
return to Rome
• 49 B.C. – Caesar returns with
army (war with Pompey)
• 44 B.C. – Caesar became
dictator of Rome by force
Caesar tried to reform the government.
• Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of
Italy
• Senate enlarged to 900 men (more plebs)
• Public works program (jobs for poor)
• Gave land to poor in colonies (Spain, France,
Africa, etc.)
• Designed a new,accurate calendar (month of
Julius)
• Increased pay for soldiers
• Caesar is popular and Senate is upset…
Caesar’s Assassination
• March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar assassinated
in the Senate chamber
Second Triumvirate – Octavian,
Mark Anthony, and Lepidus
• Hunted down Caesar's assassins
• Dominated Rome for ten years
• Octavian and Mark Anthony fight for
leadership of Rome
• 31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Anthony and
Cleopatra at Battle of Actium
• Octavian becomes first emperor of
Rome – changes name to Augustus
Caesar (exalted one)
• Battle of Actium
Rome is an Empire
• Augustus is the unchallenged ruler of
Rome
• Octavian ruled as a
dictator for 41 years
• Starts Pax Romana (27 B.C. – 180 A.D.)
– Pax Romana = Roman Peace
– Empire = 3 million square miles
– 60 – 80 million people
– Cultural Diffusion = many different societies
• Roman
Coliseum
Succession never solved in
Rome
• It was never determined how the next
emperor would be decided in Rome when
the current emperor died.
• After the death of the emperor, Rome
generally went into a time of violence as
different factions made their choices clear.
• Eventually a system of “adoption” was
used.
• From
Many of the Christian teachings
collided with the Roman ideas.
• Religious ceremonies - Christians did not
attend pagan ceremonies.
• Fighting - Christians would not fight.
• Worshipping the emperor - Christians only
worshipped God and Jesus.
Consequently the Romans
persecuted the Christians.
• Hungry Lion
• Plus
• Unarmed
Christians
• Equals
• Roman
Entertainment
Time of Crisis
“Crisis of the Third Century”
• Economic Problems - three sources of
prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms)
• Military Problems - Goths over ran legions,
soldiers fought for money not patriotism
• Political Decay - officials were no longer
loyal to Rome
Barbarians Invasions
• Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
Franks, Angles,
Saxons, Burgundians,
Lombards, Vandals
• AND THE HUNS!!!
Many historians have theories
explaining why Rome fell...
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Political
Social
Economic
Military
Immediate cause of the fall of
Rome was...
• Pressure from Huns and invasions from
the German tribes
• The Hun threatened not only the Roman
Empire, but all Germanic tribes as well
– Attila sacked 70 cities in Rome
– Attila met with Leo I (the pope) and stopped
short of destroying Rome completely
Fall of Rome
Conquest by
barbarians
led to the sack of
Rome.
Roman Reveiw
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Who were the mythological founders of Rome?
What river was Rome located on?
What was favorable about Rome’s Geography?
Where did Rome get its religious beliefs?
What characteristic is most important to a
Roman?
• What were the two classes of Romans?
• How did Rome achieve a balanced
government?
• Who did Rome fight in the Punic Wars?
Roman Review
• Who was Rome’s first true Emperor and
probably its greatest?
• What new religion spread throughout Rome
during its empire age?
• Did romans accept new religions easily?
• How did the Roman Emperors solve the
problem of succession?
• What are some reasons that Rome fell?