Download Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
Chapter Outline
I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome,
c. 900–509 B.C.E.
II. The Early Republic: 509–133 B.C.E.
III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E.
IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana:
30 B.C.E–476 C.E.
V. The Rise of Christianity
VI. The Roman Legacy
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome,
c. 900–509 B.C.E.
A. Geography and Early Settlers of Italy
Apennines
Latium
Indo-Europeans
in 2000-1000 B.C.E.
Iron Age
diverse
Etruscans - ninth century B.C.E.
Greek colonists - from c. 750 B.C.E.
Etruscans
city-states
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome
B. Rome’s Origins
Legendary accounts:
Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E.
Aeneas, fleeing Troy
Latin settlements unite, eighth century
Forum
C. The Roman Monarchy, 753–509 B.C.E.
follows Greek pattern:
monarchy > oligarchy > democracy > dictatorship
imperium = executive power
orders:
patricians — senatorial families
plebeians — all others
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
II. The Early Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy:
509–133 B.C.E.
A. Establishment of the Republic
509 B.C.E. - Tarquin the Proud
establishment of Republic
(res publica = commonwealth)
consuls - patricians
dictator - in times of emergency
B. Struggle of the Orders
Plebeians
fifth century - concessions
Concilium Plebis = gathering of the plebians
tribunes - 10
sacrosanctus = sacred status
plebiscites = decrees
Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E.
Gains
367 B.C.E. - one consul
magistracies
287 B.C.E. - Concilium Plebis part of Republic
C. The Conquest of Italy
509 B.C.E. - Latin League against the Etruscans
390 B.C.E. - invasion of Gauls (Celts)
338 B.C.E. - Latin League dissolved
270 B.C.E. - last of Greek city-states under Rome
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
II. The Early Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy
D. The First Punic Wars
Carthage
from Phoenician colony
dominant in Western Mediterranean
powerful navy
First Punic War, 264–241 B.C.E.
Romans develop corvus (crow)
turning naval warfare into land fighting
241 B.C.E. - peace
Second Punic War
Hannibal attacks Saguntum
218 B.C.E. - Hannibal into Italy
216 B.C.E. - Cannae
Carthaginian victory
201 B.C.E. - Zama
Scipio defeats Carthaginians
Third Punic War
Romans attack Carthage, 149 B.C.E.
E. Roman Intervention in the East
Macedon - Philip V
allies with Hannibal
200 B.C.E. - Rome attacks
> 197 B.C.E. Philip defeated
Seleucids
encouraged by Hannibal
168 B.C.E. - invasion of Egypt
halted by Rome
Greece
146 B.C.E. - control
133 B.C.E. - Pergamum
first Asian province
F. Society and Religion in early Rome
pater familias = family father
ultimate authority
Religion
numina = spirits
Jupiter
Mars
Janus
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E.
A. Effects of Roman Expansion
changes:
fewer small landowners
> proletariat = unemployed
greater estates
= latifundia
government land to wealthy
oligarchy of senators
B. The Gracchi
Tiberius Gracchus
Tribune, 133 B.C.E.
proposes reforms:
limit of 320 acres
some public lands seized
pushed through
> murdered
C. The First Civil War: Marius v. Sulla
Gaius Marius, consul 107 B.C.E.
military reform
King of Pontus declares war
Senate sends Cornelius Sulla
Tribal Assembly sends Marius
Sulla
appointed dictator indefinitely
victorius, 82 B.C.E.
Gaius Gracchus
Tribune, 123 B.C.E.
proposes further reforms:
distribution of wheat
commits suicide, 121 B.C.E.
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E.
D. The Second Civil War: Pompey v. Caesar
Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.)
Consul, 70 B.C.E.
Marcus Crassus
senator
given command, 71 B.C.E.
slave rebellion under Spartacus
Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.)
> First Triumvirate
59 B.C.E., Caesar elected consul
by 45 B.C.E., Caesar rules alone
44 B.C.E., assassinated
E. The Third Civil War: Antony v. Octavian
Octavian (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
grandnephew of Caesar
defeats opponents
Antony - eastern half of empire
Actium - defeated by Octavian
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana:
30 B.C.E–476 C.E.
A. Reconstruction under Augustus
27 B.C.E. - “Restoration of the Republic”
given title Augustus
princeps = first citizen
B. Julio-Claudian and Flavian Emperors (14–68 C.E.)
Julio-Claudians
Tiberius
Claudius
Caligula
Nero
Flavians
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana
C. The Antonines: “Five Good Emperors”
(96–180 C.E.)
Hadrian (117–138 C.E.)
Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.)
Meditations
D. The Pax Romana
E. Roman Society in the Empire
collegia = guilds
social role
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana
C. The Antonines: “Five Good Emperors”
(96–180 C.E.)
Hadrian (117–138 C.E.)
Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.)
Meditations
D. The Pax Romana
E. Roman Society in the Empire
collegia = guilds
social role
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
V. The Rise of Christianity
A. The Jewish Background
538 B.C.E. - return from Babylonia
63 B.C.E. - Pompey
Judea > Province of Syria
Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.E.)
appointed king by Mark Anthony
B. Life and Teaching of Jesus
Preaching
12 apostles
C. Spread of Christianity
Saint Paul
from Tarsus, Asia Minor
Pharisee
Reasons for Spread
Mystery religions
Cybele, Isis, Dionysus, Mithras
Mary Magdalene
Gnostic Gospels
Persecution of the Christians
Diocletian, 303–311 B.C.E.
> martyrs
Pharisees
opposing sect
crucifixion, c. 30 C.E.
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
D. The Christian Church
1. Church Organization
presbyters = elders
bishops = overseers
diocese = bishop’s territory
inherited from Roman administration
pope - becomes pre-eminent
Leo I (440–61)
2. Doctrine and Worship
Trinity
Father, Son, Holy Spirit
Arianism
Father and Son not equal, not coeval
> Constantine calls Council of Nicaea, 325
Arianism a heresy
Christ coeternal with Father
Arianism continues to spread
Jerome (340–420)
St. Ambrose (340–397)
subjects Theodosius I
St. Augustine (354–430)
Confessions
3. The Regular Clergy
regula = rule
monasticism
pre-dated Christianity
St. Basil (c.330–379)
Asia Minor
rule
St. Benedict (c. 480–543)
rule: vows of poverty, chastity, obedience
4. Official Recognition and Acceptance
311 - Galerius, Edict of Toleration
313 - Edict of Milan, freedom of worship
Julian the Apostate (361–363)
Theodosius I (379–395)
Christianity official
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
V. The Rise of Christianity
E. Third Century Crisis
Commodus (180–192 C.E.)
low point
Severan dynasty (193–235)
235–385 - Civil War
26 emperors
latifundia grow
coloni (sharecroppers)
Diocletian (285–305)
stabilization
Constantine (306–337)
moves capital to Constantinople
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
F. The Germanic Tribes
comitatus - war band
Invasions
Huns
Visigoths - 376, into Empire
> Valens, Adrianople, 378
Alaric, 410 - sack of Rome
settle in Spain
406 - withdrawal of Rhine troops
> massive movement
451 - Attila into Europe
dies, 453
G. End of the Western Empire,
395–476 C.E.
476 - death of Romulus Augustulus
traditional end of Rome
Theodoric
Ostrogothic king
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
VI. The Roman Legacy
A. Evolution of Roman Law
jus civile = law of the citizen
jurisprudentes = legal scholars
B. Roman Engineering and Architecture
roads
construction
concrete
vaulting
barrel vaults
Pantheon
basilica
rectangular
colonnades
Colosseum
C. Sculpture and Painting
portrait busts
D. Literature
Republic
Plautus (c. 254–184 B.C.E.)
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 C.E.)
Late Republic and Empire
Catullus
lyric poetry
Lucretius
Epicurean
Vergil (70–19 B.C.E.)
Aeneid
Horace (65–8 B.C.E.)
Ovid (43 B.C.E.–17 C.E.)
Art of Love, Metamorphoses
Juvenal (c. 50 B.C.E.–127 C.E.)
satirical poetry
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
VI. The Roman Legacy
E. The Writing of History
Livy (59 B.C.E.–17 C.E.)
History of Rome
Tacitus (55-117 C.E.)
Germania
Plutarch (c. 46–c.126 C.E.)
Parallel Lives
F. Religion and Philosophy
Epicureanism and Stocism
Seneca (4 B.C.E.–65 C.E.)
stoic
tutor to Nero
G. Science in the Roman Empire
Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.)
Natural History
Ptolemy
Galen
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins