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G.R.A.P.E.S
Geography
Religion
Achievements
Politics
Economy
Social
Structure
Geography
Location
Expansion
and the loss of land
Resources
?
Location
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Rome is located on a
peninsula in what is
now France.
Rome was built on
along the Tiber River.
Rome was built on
seven hills: Capitoline,
Palatine, Aventine,
Vinimal, Caelian,
Esquiline, and
Quirinal.
Punic Wars
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In the first Punic war,
Rome fought Carthage
for Sicily.
The Second Punic war,
Rome conquered Po
Valley but, they lost
Saguntum. After,
Scipio fought Hannibal
and won Spain back.
The third Punic war
didn’t gain land but
almost lost some.
Resources

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The Tiber River
stretched 250 miles
giving Rome a water
supply.
The Italian Peninsula
had arable land.
The Italian Peninsula
surrounded by water
which had benefits to
trade.
Expansion
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Rome gained Italy in 264
B.C.E.
The Etruscans expanded to
Latium in 600 B.C.E.
Rome conquered Po Valley
during the second Punic
war.
Farming helped Rome
grow because of the
money that came in from
selling the products
Religion
Christianity
Greek
Mythology
 Roman Beliefs
Etruscan Mysticism
Christianity
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Jesus was the Messiah which
means, the anointed leader. It
was told that he was God’s son
sent down to see about human
life.
Christians were fed to the lions
because Romans believed there
are many gods and not just one.
Well Jesus was in his 30’s when
he left home and went to visit his
cousin John who was baptizing
people in the Jordan River. After
he, himself, was baptized he went
into the desert for several weeks
and came back and taught about
Hebrew scripture.
The Romans were afraid he was
going to start a war. With this,
they tried to find a reason to
arrest him. Jesus ended up dying
from crucifixion.
Greek Mythology
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Zeus was the main god in Greek
mythology. Hera, the protector of
married women and their house holds,
was his wife.
Poseidon and Hades were Zeus’
brothers. Poseidon was the god of the
sea well Hades, was the god of the
underworld. Apollo was the god of
arts, prophecies, and healing. Ares
was the god of war, Artemis was in
charge of the woods and hunting,
Aphrodite was the goddess of love and
beauty, and Demeter looked over the
crops, harvests, and farming. Athena
was wise and calm. She “gave” the
olive tree to the Greeks and was brave
and fierce during war times.
The gods acted like humans too. They
fell in love, got married, got jealous
and angry, and had children. Playing
tricks and celebrating were always fun
for them.
Roman Beliefs
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Many of the Romans beliefs came
from the Etruscan, Greek, and
other Italian spirits. Later on,
people started to think that there
emperor was a god.
Romans believed there gods lived
in trees, rocks, and plants like
those. But, they built temples for
the most important gods.
Like the Greeks, they put there
gods in human forms, like Jupiter
was terrifying and proud, his wife,
Juno, was ion the form of a
peacock. Minerva was the
goddess of wisdom and always
dressed in armor.
Romans worshipped in great
temples and had shrines in their
house. At the shrines, they
worshipped daily to the gods.
Etruscan Mysticism
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Etruscans believed that
lighting gave them signs of
nature. They would look at
the lighting before they
went to battle to see who
would win.
Etruscans studied seasonal
migration of birds.
They would also cut
animals open and read
their internal organs before
conducting a burial.
Diviners read the stars for
their layout of their towns.
Achievements
Technology
Science
and astronomy
Language and literature
Water systems
Technology
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Over 50,000 miles of roads lead
to Rome. Even today there are
routes built on top of the roads
that were meant to last.
These roads were built mainly to
move the army around faster.
When not fight the soldiers would
build the roads.
There was a layer of large, flat
stone laid at the bottoms of road
beds. Smaller stones and gravel
laid on top covered with paving
stone and crushed rocks, or
concrete. There was always a
slight hump to drain the water.
The roads sped up
communication too. Messengers
could travel 75 miles a day on
horseback. It was also easier to
see the world.
Water Systems
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The water systems were
elaborate to supply the town
with clean water. They built
hundreds of miles of canals
ad aqueducts to move water
from mountains springs to
plains below.
Some Roman aqueducts are
still used today.
One in the city, ran through
lead pipes for public fountains
were most people got there
water and to public baths.
The engineers were amazing
because there sewer systems
could not be equaled until
today’s technology. People
were
Science and Astronomy
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Claudius Ptolemy wrote a
book, Almagest, saying we
were the center of the
universe and many people
thought that this was true for
centuries.
Hypatia was a teacher of
philosophy, astronomy,
mathematics, and religion.
There was a rumor going
around saying that she talked
about Christians in bad ways
and was killed by a mob of
Christians. She was noted to
be the first women for
excellence in mathematics.
Under Roman rule science and
mathematics grew very big.
Language and Literature
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First the main language was Greek but
then went into Latin on the Western
Roman empire. But, Greek stayed in
the Eastern Roman Empire. The
educated knew both of the languages.
Well Augustus ruled it was part of the
golden age of literature in Latin.
During the peaceful years of the
empire, he encouraged his writers and
artist.
Roman writers wrote poetry,
tragedies, comedies, histories and a
common theme: patriotism. Patriotic
writers glories Rome’s history
Romance languages are based on
Latin. Italian, French, Portuguese, and
Romanian. English is not a romance
language, but, most of are words have
Latin roots.
Politics
Emperors
Roman
Constitution
Tripartite Government
Patrons and Clients
Emperors
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Trajan hired honest and
reliable people to be
governors and gave a fund to
the poor people, especially
poor children.
Hadrian reformed the Roman
legal system and listened well
to the concerns of his people.
Nero established literary
academies but was also very
selfish and took most of
everyone's money for luxuries
purposes.
Augustus built new aqueducts
and tolerated criticisms and
had a great sense of humor,
but, was a very private
person.
Roman Constitution
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The basic principles grew at
this time because of the
Struggle of the Orders. But,
Check and Balances help with
not to give to much power
going to one branch.
Rule of Law was the second
basic principle. Rule of Law
means the Romans accepted
written laws.
In 287 B.C.E., the law Lex
Hortensia was past. This law
gave plebeians many rights.
For example this gave the
Tribal Assemblies power to
pass laws without the
approval of Senate or
Consuls.
Patrons and Clients
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Patrons were patricians,
which were wealthy
plebeians. Clients were
plebeians.
Patrons offered assistance
to clients in return to get
there political support.
This relationship began
earlier in the republic.
This, also, allowed
patricians to help people
less-fortunate then
themselves and receive
there vote in return.
Triumvirate government
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A tripartite government means a three part
government. It is made up of the
Magistrates, Senate, and Assemblies. And
these three reflected three different types of
rule: Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy.
The Magistrates represented the Monarchy.
There were two consuls as the top
magistrates who were elected for a one year
term. They led the government and army
and also acted as judges and priests.
The senate represented the tradition of
oligarchy. The senate advised the consuls
and controls state finances and passed laws.
The Two Assemblies made up the last branch
and they represented the democratic
element. The Centuriate Assembly placed all
men in classes of how much military
equipment they could provide. The wealthy
patricians gained more votes since they had
more money the plebeians. The Tribal
Assembly plebeians were in charge. This
Assembly became a powerful force in Rome.
The Tribal Assembly elected the tribunes who
had veto power over the branches
Economy
Farming
Trade
Stable
Currency
Pax Romana
Farming
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There was a huge market
for grain and olives.
The farmers could even
pay taxes with grain.
With the money from the
products, they paid for
schools, temple, and public
baths.
Rome shipped some grain
to armies to keep them
strong.
Trade
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Rome traded to the Greeks,
Egypt, and other places in
Europe.
Romans traveled by ships
because it was safer then
climbing mountains.
Romans shipped goods like
wool, linen cloth, glass,
pottery, metal work, wine,
and olive oil.
They also shipped red pottery
to Britain, silver bowls to
India, and they sent bronze
ware to Russia and northern
Europe, and they also sent
luxury goods like silk to as far
as China.
Stable Currency
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Augustus issued a new
currency in coins.
The main coin was the gold
denarius, second was the
silver denarius. The silver
was worth 12 less then the
gold denarius.
The coins were like news
headlines.
The coins were excepted
all over the empire.
Pax Romana
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Pax Romana was the long
time period when there
was no fighting and we
were in peace.
During Pax Romana there
wasn’t a nation that was
powerful enough to attack
Rome.
There were over 60 million
people that were able to
farm, trade, and do
business peacefully.
Social Structure
Role
of men
Role of women
Patricians
Plebeians
Role of Men
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The Roman families are
patriarchal, or in other words,
centered around men.
The father or grandfather had
complete control of his wife,
children, and slaves. He could
sell his own children as slaves
or kill them if he chose to.
When the father died, his
eldest son would take the
lead. If the father did not
have a son in his family, his
wife and daughters would
have to live with his closest
relative that was a male.
Although he had a lot of
power, he had to respect his
family. If he didn’t, he was
not admired.
Role of Women
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Unlike the women in
Greece, Roman women
were allowed to own land.
But, they had to have a
male guardian through out
her life.
The most important role of
a women was to bare
children and raise them
with traditional values.
The ideal wife was being a
faithful and a good mother
devoted to her home and
children.
Patricians
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Patricians are wealthy
plebeians.
Patricians held most
government power
especially in the Two
Assemblies.
Patricians were part of a
system called Patrons and
Clients. Patricians were
Patrons and plebeians
were Clients.
The Patrons would help the
Clients and in return they
would get the Clients vote.
Plebeians
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Plebeians are the lower class
group of the Roman society.
Plebeians did not have control
what so ever until, Lex
Hortensia came into act.
Meant that they didn’t have to
run everything by Senate or
Consuls.
They did not have as much
money as the patricians and it
was much harder for them to
live since they didn’t have
good housing and the wealthy
were sitting on silk pillows
sipping wine.
Conclusion
The Romans were incredible people the were obviously
glorified by the world. They inspired us to have so many
things like building aqueducts, sewer systems, and much,
much more. Everything was so important that without one
of them, it could not be as great. I learned about the
geography, religion, achievements, politics, economy, and
social structures. They all have an impact of how I will look
at Rome. Some day when I go there, I will think of how
these people tried so hard to make the empire beautiful
with paintings, building, and other architectural
achievements. I will see the common people around me
and the Patricians in front of me. I will see the roads that
stretch thousand of miles and think of their great army.
When I see statues of emperors I will think of how they led
Rome to greatness and success. All in all, ancient Rome
was a remarkable empire that will be remembered forever.