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Psychology in Modules
by Saul Kassin
Section 17:
Treatment
Treatment
Psychological Therapies
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Medical Interventions
©2006 Prentice Hall
Psychological Therapies
Professionals
Involved
in
Therapy
• Clinical Psychologists
• Ph.D. in psychology, conducts testing, diagnosis, treatment,
and research
• Counseling Psychologists
• Ph.D. in counseling, help people with marital, family, and
minor adjustment problems
• Psychiatrists
• M.D., does a residency in psychiatry and can prescribe
medications
• Psychiatric Social Workers
• Master’s degree in social work with special training in
counseling
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Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
• Uncovering, resolving unconscious
conflicts
• Orthodox Psychoanalysis
•
•
•
•
Free association
Dream Analysis
Resistance
Transference
• Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy
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Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
• Free association
• A basic technique of psychoanalysis in which
the patient says whatever comes to mindfreely and without censorship
• Resistance
• The tendency for patients to actively block,
or “resist,” psychologically painful insights
• Transference
• The tendency of patients to displace intense
feelings for others©2006
onto
the therapist
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Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
• Behavioral-therapy or Cognitive-behavioral
Therapy
• Techniques used to modify disordered thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors through the principles of
learning
• Classical Conditioning Techniques
• Flooding, Systematic Desensitization, Aversion
Therapy
• Operant-Conditioning Techniques
• Reward and Punishment, Token Economy,
Biofeedback, Social Skills
Training
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Hall
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
• Classical-Conditioning Techniques
• Flooding
• Technique in which the patient is saturated with a
fear-provoking stimulus until the anxiety is
extinguished
• Systematic Desensitization
• Technique used to treat anxiety disorders by pairing
gradual exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation
with relaxation
• Aversion Therapy
• Technique for classically conditioned people to react
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with aversion to alcohol and other harmful substances
Psychological Therapies
BehavioralTherapeutic
Therapies
Effects of Exposure & Response Prevention
• These are BaselineInstruction-Response
Prevention (RP)
cycles from a woman
with a hand-washing
compulsion.
• After a few cycles,
the woman was
washing less often
and getting fewer
urges to wash.
Hand
Washing
Urges
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Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Aversion Therapy to Treat
Alcoholism
• Alcohol is paired with a chemical that causes nausea
and vomiting.
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• Person should learn©2006
to associate
alcohol with nausea.
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
• Operant-Conditioning Techniques
• Reward and Punishment
• Token Economy
• Biofeedback
• Procedure in which people learn to control
physiological responses with the help of “feedback”
about their internal states
• Social Skills Training
• Used to teach interpersonal skills through modeling,
rehearsal, and reinforcement (e.g., assertiveness
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training)
Psychological Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Biofeedback and the Tension
•
Sensors
on
the
head
Headache
detect muscle activity.
• System converts signal
to visual display.
• Patient watches the
display, learns to relax
forehead muscles.
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Psychological Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
• Cognitive Therapy
• A form of psychotherapy in which people are
taught to think in more adaptive ways
• Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
• A form of cognitive therapy in which people are
confronted with their irrational, maladaptive
beliefs
• Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Uses a gentler, more collaborative approach to
cognitive therapy
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Psychological Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Ellis’ A-B-C Theory of Emotional
Distress
• Emotional distress is caused by irrational thoughts
and self-defeating beliefs.
• Activating Event - Beliefs - Consequences
• Emotional consequences then help sustain the
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irrational beliefs.
Psychological Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
• Removing impediments to personal growth
• Person-Centered Therapy
• Involves a warm and accepting environment to
foster self-insight and acceptance
• Founded by Carl Rogers
• Therapists show empathy, unconditional positive
regard, and use reflection
• Gestalt Therapy
• Therapy in which clients are aggressively prompted
to express their feelings
• Founded by Fritz Perls
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Psychological Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Group-Therapy Approaches
• Group Therapy
• The simultaneous treatment of several clients in a
group setting
• Each approach to psychotherapy has a form of group
therapy, e.g., transactional analysis is used by
psychoanalysts.
• Family Therapy
• Form of psychotherapy that treats the members of a
family as an interactive system
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Perspectives on Psychotherapy
The Bottom Line: Does
Psychotherapy
The Benefits of Psychotherapy
Work?
• Based on the results of 475 studies (Smith et al., 1980),
the average psychotherapy client shows more
improvement than 80% ©2006
of those
in the no-treatment
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control group.
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Improvement in Psychotherapy:
The More The Better?
• With additional therapy
sessions, the percentage of
people who improve
increases up to 26
sessions.
• Rate of improvement then
levels off.
• At one session per week,
six months appears to be
the ideal of amount of
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Hall
time.
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Are Some Therapies Better Than
Others?
• All approaches are equally effective.
• However for some disorders, certain types
of therapy tend to be more successful.
• Examples: behavioral therapy for phobias,
person-centered therapy for raising self-esteem,
and cognitive therapy for depression
• There is no universal “best” type of therapy.
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Perspectives on Psychotherapy
What are the Active Ingredients?
• Three common, nonspecific factors are
apparent in all types of psychotherapy.
• Supportive Relationship
• A Ray of Hope
• Placebo Effect (the curative effect of an inactive
treatment that results simply from the patient’s
belief in its therapeutic value) operates but it is not
as effective as real psychotherapy.
• Opportunity to Open Up
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Perspectives on Psychotherapy
What is the Future of
Psychotherapy?
Orientations of Psychotherapists
Eclectic: Borrowing ideas and techniques from different
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approaches
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
• Psychopharmacology
• The study of the effects of drugs on
psychological processes and
disorders
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs & Hospitalization
Trends
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Medical Interventions
Types of Drug Treatments I
• Antianxiety Drugs
• Tranquilizing medications used in the
treatment of anxiety
• Trade names: Librium, Valium, Xanax, BuSpar
• Antidepressants
• Drugs that relieve depression by increasing the
supply of norepinephrine, serotonin, or
dopamine
• Trade names: Tofranil, Prozac
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Medical Interventions
Types of Drug Treatments II
• Mood Stabilizer
• Calms mania; may reduce bipolar mood swings
• Trade Name: Lithium Carbonate
• A drug used to control mania and mood swings in people
with bipolar disorder
• Antipsychotic Drugs
• Drugs used to control the positive symptoms of
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
• Trade names: Thorazine, Clozaril, Risperdal
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Medical Interventions
Perspectives on Drug Therapies
• Drugs have helped numerous people who once
lived in psychiatric institutions.
• People may not respond well to psychotherapy.
• However, some drugs produce unpleasant or
dangerous side effects and may lead to a physical
and/or psychological addiction.
• Thus, patients become passive in the healing process.
• Neither psychotherapy nor drug therapy has been
found to be generally more effective.
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Medical Interventions
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• Electric-shock treatments that often relieve
severe depression by triggering seizures in
the brain
• Psychosurgery
• The surgical removal of portions of the
brain for the purpose of treating
psychological disorders
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How To: Beating the Winter
Blues
Seasonal Differences in SAD
• Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD) is
depression linked to certain
times of year.
• Symptoms are lethargy,
withdrawal, increases in
sleeping and eating
• People with SAD feel even
worse than most people do
in the winter.
• Light therapy can ease
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their suffering.
Where People Turn for Help
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