Download Exercise physiology introduction

Prepared and presented by
Mohammad H. Kraizem
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The study of the effects of exercise on the body. E
Clinical Exercise Physiology-Involves the application
of exercise science to prevent and delay the onset of
chronic disease in healthy participants or provide
therapeutic or functional benefits to patients with
underlying pathologies.
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Clinical Exercise physiologists
are healthcare professionals
who use fundamental
principles of exercise
physiology in clinical settings
to minimize the risk of
chronic diseases associated
with physical inactivity and
to treat those already
afflicted.
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Services may be provided in several
medical settings such as: hospitals,
rehabilitation centers, and outpatient
clinics.nd delay the onset of chronic
disease in healthy participants or
provide therapeutic or functional
benefits to patients with underlying
pathologies
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Specialized area of study mid 1960s
and 1970s.
Late 1800s, the use of
anthropometry to measure
changes in students’ development
after training programs.
McKenzie: Investigating effects of
exercise on various systems of the
body and the idea of preventative
medicine (early 1900s)
After WWII: increased interest in
fitness as a result of youth fitness
tests and the results of the
physicals of men in the military.
 1970s:
American Physiological Society recognized
exercise physiology as a specialized area of
physiology.
 1974: ACSM: Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and
Prescription
 1980s
and 1990s: Understanding of the relationship
between physical activity and health.
 1996:
 2000:
1st certification exams for Clinical Exercise
Physiologists
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Effects of various exercises on various
systems of the body
Relationship of energy metabolism to
performance
Effectiveness of training programs
Effects of environmental factors
Effects of individual differences on fitness
development and performance
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Identification of factors that limit
performance
Effectiveness of various rehabilitation
programs
Ergogenic aids and exercise
Health and therapeutic effects associated with
exercise
Effects of nutrition on performance
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Services are also offered in community,
corporate, commercial, university fitness
and wellness centers, nursing homes, and
senior citizen centers.
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The scope of practice ranges from apparently
healthy individuals with no known medical
problems to patients with documented
cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic,
rheumatoid, orthopedic, and/or neuromuscular
diseases and conditions.
Clinical exercise physiologists are responsible
for: Exercise testing and evaluation and
supervision of safe and effective exercise
programs in a healthcare setting .
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A knowledge of normal physiological responses to
acute and chronic exercise is essential before
attempting to prevent, manage, or rehabilitate
disease.
Exercise Therapy may be altered by specific
treatments such as drugs and medications, surgical
procedures, radiation therapy, orthopedic bracing,
casting, or splinting; dialysis, and diet therapy.
For example heart rate and blood pressure
responses to exercise can be reduced significantly
by a drug called Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agent
which is commonly used to manage angina or
hypertension.
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itself can produce effects requiring alterations in
other therapies the patient is receiving.
For example: It is often necessary for insulin
dosages to be reduced in patients with Type I
Diabetes because exercise changes the
pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected
drugs.
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Clinical exercise Physiologists should have a
solid background in basic exercise physiology
combined with more advanced training,
including pathophysiology of chronic diseases,
pharmacology of drugs and medicines, medical
terminology, medical record keeping and
charting, ECG interpretation, exercise testing,
business management and marketing, and
nutrition and diet therapy
Cardiac rehabilitation
 Assessment of cardiovascular functioning
 Prevention of cardiovascular disease
 Rehabilitation of individuals with the disease
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ä Effects of exercise at the cellular level
ä Exercise epidemiology: Relationship between
physical activity and mortality
ä Pediatric exercise science: Scientific study of
the response of the body to
exercise during childhood and maturation.
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ä Ability of the body’s systems to function
efficiently and effectively.
ä One is “physically fit” if they have the ability to:
“carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness,
without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to
enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet
unforeseen emergencies.”
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An important tool in clinical settings to clear
individuals for safe participation in physical
activity and also as a basis for exercise
prescription
Two broad classifications of exercise testing:
1. Diagnostic Testing- performed to see how sick
someone is
2. Functional Capacity Testing- performed to see
how well someone is
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In other words the diagnostic test is performed
to uncover underlying disease while the
functional test is performed to determine the
capacity for exercise.
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Exercise tests, weather for
diagnostic or functional
purposes, are usually
incremental in nature and as
such are referred to as a
graded exercise test (GXT).
Graded-means that the
exercise is progressed in a
stepwise fashion from light to
maximum levels.
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A number of Exercise Protocols are usually
performed on the treadmill or cycle ergometer
are available to the examiner, depending on the
purpose of the test and the population being
tested.
For example: The same GXT test would not be
performed on a young adult as would be
performed on a 70 year old person
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Is extremely important in determining an
individual’s suitability for an exercise program.
Exercise may not be safe for everyone
especially people with pre-existing medical
conditions, such as coronary artery disease.
For a limited number of individual, exercise
TESTING alone could be harmful to them and
should not be done for medical reasons.
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Many patients require a physician’s referral
before they can undergo exercise testing or
enter into an exercise program.
The ACSM has developed guidelines to aid the
healthcare professional in determining the safety
of exercise for individuals.
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These guidelines suggest that it is unnecessary for men
under the age of 40 and women under the age of 50 who
have no symptoms of heart disease and are apparently
healthy, and have fewer than two risk factors for
Coronary Artery
Disease to have a medical evaluation by a physician
before starting an exercise program.
Exercise programs conducted in non-medical settings
require a physician’s referral for anyone over the age of
35
Heart Rate
 Blood Pressure
 Blood Glucose
 Serum cholesterol
Resting ECG (before diagnostic test)
 Abnormalities in any of these measurements
may indicate underlying health problems
such as heart disease, hypertension, or
diabetes, which may warrant further medical
evaluation before proceeding with the actual
test. (Often expected in diagnostic testing)
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