Download Medical and Nursing History

Medical and Nursing History
The early beginnings
Very Early
• Primitive humans were
superstitious and believed that illness and
disease was caused by spirits.
• Tribal doctors tried to exorcise the spirits out,
and used herbs and plants.
• Foxglove
• (digitalis)
• Cinchona tree
• (quinine)
• Nightshade
• (belladonna and atropine)
Egyptians (3000-300 BC)
• Earliest people to keep
accurate health records
• Identified certain diseases
• Used medicines to heal
diseases
• Learned the art of splinting
• Average life span 20-30 years
Ancient Greeks
(1200-200 BC)
• First to study the cause of disease
• Kept accurate records
• Understood importance of searching for
new information
• Ancient times did not allow for dissection
of bodies. Learned the external
observation (Hippocrates 469-377 B.C.)
• Hippocrates wrote standard of ethics
• Oath of Hippocrates
Greeks Continued….
Rome (753 BC-410 AD)
Begins
• Observed and measured the effects of
disease.
• Discovered that some diseases caused by
lack of sanitation
• Romans were smart and learned from the
Greeks.
• Romans developed sewers and aqueducts
• Romans build public baths
More Romans
• First to organize healthcare
• First to send doctors and
equipment into battle
• Physicians kept a room in their
house for the sick (beginning of
hospitals)
• Doctors were paid by the roman
government
• They wore a death mask with a
spice filled beak.
• Average Life Span 25-35 years.
The Dark Ages (400800 a.d.) & Middle
ages(800-1400 A.D.)
• When the study of science stopped.
• For over 1000 years medicine was
practiced in convents and monasteries
• Priest had no interest in how the body
functioned
• Epidemics caused millions of death
• Best know was the Bubonic plague (The
black plague) 60 million people alone.
Middle Ages
Continues
• Arab Physicians used knowledge of
chemistry to advance pharmacology
• Rhazes became known as the Arab
Hippocrates
– Based diagnoses on observations
– Began the use of animal gut as suture
material
• Arabs began requiring physicians to pass
examinations and obtain licenses
• Average life span 20-35 years
The Renaissance (1350-1650 AD)
• Rebirth of science of medicine
• Dissection of the Body began
• Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection in order to
draw the human body
• First Chairs of medicine created at Oxford and
Cambrigde in England
• First anatomy book published
• Servetus (1511-1553) describe the circulatory system
• Bacon (1214-1294)
– Promoted chemical remedies to treat diseases
– Researched optics and refraction
Average life span 30-40 years
16th and 17th Centuries
Causes of Diseases still not known
Many people died from infections and puerperal fever
(childbirth)
Pare (1510-1590) Father of modern Surgery
Use of ligatures to bind arteries
Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
Improved treatment of Fx, promoted artificial Limbs
Fallopian (1523-1562) ID fallopian tubes and described
tympanic membrane
Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented the
microscope
Apothacaries made, prescribed, and sold medications
Average life Span 35-45 years
18th Century
• New ways of teaching medicine
developed. Lecture, Laboratory, and
bedside.
• Disease processes explored after
patient death
• Laennec invented the stethoscope.
• B. Franklin’s discovered BiFocals and
how colds are transmitted
• Jenner Discovered a method for
smallpox vaccinations
• Lind prescribe lime juice to prevent
19th Century
• Royal College of Surgeons founded in London
• First successful blood transfusion was
performed
• Fliedner started first nurse training program in
Germany 1836.
Provided Florence Nightingale with her
training
Semmelweis encouraged physicians to wash
hands with limes.
Anesthetics first used by dentist William Morton
Chloroform first used during surgery.
19th Century Continued
• Elizabeth Blackwell first female physician in
U.S. 1849
• 1854 Nightingale established efficient and
sanitary nursing unit
• 1860 Began professional education for nurse in
London
• Dix was appointed first Superintendent of
Female nurse in the Army 1861
• 1863-International Red Cross Founded
• Lister used disinfectants and antiseptics during
surgery
19th Century Continued
• Barton founded the American Red Cross in
1881
• Pasteur created rabies vaccine in 1885
• 1892- Viruses discovered
• 1883-Wald established Henry St. Settlement in
NYC
• 1895- X-rays were invented
• Average life span 40-60 years
th
20
Century
• 1900- W. Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes
carry yellow fever
• 1922- insulin discovered to treat diabetes
• 1928- Penicillin discovered
• Sulfa drugs developed
• 1953- First heart lung machine used in open
heart surgery
• 1954- First kidney transplant
• 1965- government enters the healthcare
services
20th century…..
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1973- First HMO established
1975- amniocentesis used
Computerized axial tomography was developed
1981- AIDS was identified
1982- First Artificial heart implanted Jarvik-7
1984- HIV identified
1997- sheep cloned
Average life span 60-70 years
THE FUTURE????