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Respiratory System Part 2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) COPD is a term to describe many respiratory problems. 1. Asthma – allergic disorder caused by swelling and inflammation of the airways, production of mucus, and tightening of muscles that surround airways. Symptoms - cough, breathing difficulty, wheezing Treatment – bronchodilators (albuterol, xopenex) 2. Emphysema – progressive loss of lung function due to damage to alveoli Symptoms – rapid, shallow, difficult respirations Upper Respiratory System Pathology 1. Croup – acute illness in infants and children Symptoms – hoarseness, barking cough, obstruction of larynx 2. Epistaxis – medical name for nosebleed. Causes – trauma, blood thinners, bleeding disorders www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/8897.jpg Upper Respiratory Problems Cont’d. 3. Influenza – also called the “flu”, contagious viral illness Causes – spread by droplets (coughing or sneezing) 4. Pertussis – medical name for whooping cough, contagious bacterial infection Symptoms – spasm like coughing fits Treatment – antibiotics Prevention – current DPT immunization 5. Rhinorrhea – (rhin/o = nose + -rrhea = discharge) medical name for runny nose Pharynx & Larynx Disorders 1. Pharyngitis – also known as a sore throat (pharyng/o + -itis) www.lib.uiowa.edu/.../pictures22/strepthroat.jpg 2. Laryngitis – (laryng/o + -itis) causes voice loss from the inflammation Trachea & Bronchial Disorders 1. Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchial walls, usually caused by infection but can be caused by smoking Pleural Cavity Disorders 1. Pleurisy – inflammation of the lining of the lung 2. Hemothorax – (hem/o + thorax) accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, commonly due to trauma or surgery Treatment – chest tube www.itim.nsw.gov.au/images/chest_tube.jpg Pleural Cavity Disorders Cont’d. 3. Pneumothorax (pneum/o + -thorax) accumulation of air in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse Treatment – chest tube apps.uwhealth.org/.../images/en/19589.jpg Lung Disorders 1. Pneumonia – inflammation of the lung where the lungs fill with pus and other fluids Causes – bacteria, viral, fungus, chemical irritants, aspiration of foreign substances Lung Disorders Cont’d. 2. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – genetic disorder where lungs are clogged with abnormally thick mucus Treatment – antibiotics, postural drainage Breathing Disorders 1. Tachypnea (tachy- + -pnea) - more than 20 breaths per minute 2. Apnea – absence of breathing 3. Dyspnea (dys/ + -pnea) – difficult or painful breathing 4. Hyperventilation – abnormally rapid, deep breathing Lack of Oxygen 1. Airway obstruction – food or foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs Treatment – Heimlich maneuver 2. Cyanosis (cyan- + -osis) – bluish color of skin caused by lack of oxygen 3. Respiratory Failure – level of oxygen in blood is dangerously low or the carbon dioxide is dangerously high Diagnostic Procedures 1. Respiratory Rate (RR) – counted number of respirations per minute; part of the vital signs; normal 15-20/min adults 2. Pulmonary function tests – group of tests that measure lung capacity 3. Chest Xrays – useful to show pneumonia, tumors, TB, pneumothorax www.portxray.com/xraylg.gif Treatments/Procedures of Respiratory System 1. Septoplasty (sept/o + -plasty) – reconstruction of the nasal septum 2. Laryngectomy (laryng/o + -ectomy) surgical removal of the larynx 3. Endotracheal intubation – passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea, used to assist breathing www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/9295.jpg Treatments/Procedures of Respiratory System Cont’d 4. Tracheostomy (trache/o + -ostomy) surgical creation of a new opening in the trachea 5. Lobectomy – surgical removal of a lobe of the lung 6. Thoracotomy (thorac/o + -otomy) - surgical incision of the thorax www.health.gov.mt/.../issue19/Omejei/Fig03.jpg Respiratory Therapy 1. Supplemental oxygen – used to provide more oxygen to the patient; nasal cannula or mask may be used www.nature.com/.../v194/n11/images/4810230f5.jpg 2. Ventilator – mechanical device used to supplement or replace the patients breathing function (while in surgery, with spine injury, etc…) www.medtech.com.br/.../vdrimage027.jpg Career Opportunities Respiratory Therapist – provides oxygen, gases or medications under a Drs. order Respiratory Therapy Technician – works under the supervision of the RT. www.onwardhealthcare.com/.../allied_main_rt.jpg