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Unit 2 Achievements in Medicine
Skills focus
Reading
•using research questions to
focus on relevant
•information in a text
•using topic sentences to get an
overview of the text
Writing
•writing topic sentences
•summarizing a text
Vocabulary focus
•English–English
dictionaries:
headwords
definitions
parts of speech
phonemes
stress markers
countable/uncountable
transitive/intransitive
2.1 Vocabulary
2.2 Reading
2.3 Extending
skills
2.4 Extending
skills
Vocabulary bank
Using your English–English dictionary
This kind of dictionary helps you actually learn English.
Using headwords and parts of speech
1 Find the correct headword.
These bold words in a dictionary are in alphabetical order. Look
at the words on the top left and top right of the double page. Find
words which come just before and after your word.
2 Find the correct meaning.
If there are different meanings of the word, they appear in a
numbered list. Look at all the meanings before you choose the
correct one in context.
Vocabulary bank
Using your English–English dictionary
Using headwords and parts of speech
3 Find the correct part of speech.
Sometimes the same headword appears more than once,
followed by a small number. This means the word has more
than one part of speech, e.g., n and v. Work out the part of
speech before you look up a word.
Clues:
• Nouns come after articles (a/an/the) or adjectives.
• Verbs come after nouns or pronouns.
2.1 Vocabulary
A How can an English–English dictionary help you
understand and produce spoken and written English?
The following information is useful for spoken English:
 stress
 pronunciation of individual phonemes – particularly when
a phoneme has multiple pronunciations
The following information is useful for written English:
 information about the type of word – C/U; T/I
2.1 Vocabulary
A How can an English–English dictionary help you
understand and produce spoken and written English?
The following information is useful for written English:
the spelling – students might make the point that if you don’t
know the spelling, you can’t find the word in the first place, but
point out that you can often guess the possible spelling – for
example, medical could be medik but if you don’t find it there,
you can try medic …
examples of the word in use to memorize
some synonyms for lexical cohesion – this is a very important
point, although you may not want to elaborate on this now
2.1 Vocabulary
B Study the dictionary extract on the opposite
page.
1 Why are the two words (top left and top right) important?
They tell you the first and last words on the pages to help you
locate the word you want.
2 How many meanings does medication have? What about
medicine?
Medication – one meaning; medicine – two, plus of course the
plural of the second definition of medications because it is a
countable noun.
3 Why does the word medical appear twice in bold?
Because the same word can be an adjective or a noun.
2.1 Vocabulary
B Study the dictionary extract on the opposite
page.
4 What do we call a doctor working in the armed forces?
A medic.
5 Where is the stress on medicine? What about medicinal?
Medicine – on the first syllable; medicinal – on the second
syllable.
6 What is the pronunciation of c in each bold word in this extract?
Sometimes /k/, sometimes /s/ – can students spot the pattern
that c+a = /k/, c+i = /s/, i+c = /k/ (as in medic)?
7 What is the pronunciation of a in each bold word in this extract?
Two pronunciations – /eɪ/ or /Ə/.
2.1 Vocabulary
B Study the dictionary extract on the opposite
page.
8 What part of speech is medicated?
Adjective.
9 Can you say Your medications are out of date? Explain your answer.
No – because medication is uncountable.
10 Can we write: Did the doctor medicate appropriately? Why (not)?
No – because medicate is transitive, so it must have an object.
2.1 Vocabulary
C Look at the bold words in the dictionary
extract on the opposite page.
1 What order are they in?
Alphabetical order.
2 Write the words in the box in
the same order.
Check in the dictionaries.
D Look at the top of this double page from an English–English dictionary.
1 Which word from Exercise C will appear on these pages?
“Medicated” will appear on the double-page spread.
2 Think of words before and after some of the other words in Exercise C.
E Look up the green words from Exercise C in a
dictionary.
2.1 Vocabulary
1 How many meanings can you find for each word?
2 What kind of noun/verb is each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Word
mass
waste
Part of
speech
n
n/v/adj
Type
U
U/T
Main meaning in medicine
Main meaning(s)
in general English
a localized swelling or
enlargement in one area a large quantity or
number
of the body
(n) faeces or urine –
human waste
(v) to use more of something than
is necessary, or to use it in a way
that is not efficient (n) materials
that are no longer needed and
thrown away
E Look up the green words from Exercise C in a
dictionary.
2.1 Vocabulary
1 How many meanings can you find for each word?
2 What kind of noun/verb is each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Word
disc
joint
Part of
speech
n
n/adj
Type
C
C
Main meaning in medicine
thin, circular piece of
cartilage, separating
bones in the back
(n) part of the body
where two bones meet
Main meaning(s)
in general English
flat circular shape or object
(n) a place where two
points meet (adj)
shared by two people
E Look up the green words from Exercise
C in a dictionary.
2.1 Vocabulary
1 How many meanings can you find for each word?
2 What kind of noun/verb is each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Word
stool
Part of
speech
n
loose
adj
labour
n/v
Type
C
U/I
Main meaning in medicine
solid waste passed through
them bowels
Main meaning(s)
in general English
a seat with no back
or arms
if the solid waste from your body is
loose, it has too much liquid in it, e.g., not firmly held or
a cough where the patient produces fixed in position
sputum (productive cough)
(n) the last stage of pregnancy, where
the baby is pushed out of the womb
(v) to work hard
2.1 Vocabulary
F Look up the bold words from Exercise C.
1 Where is the stress in each word?
2 What is the sound of the underlined letter(s) in each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Stress
proˈductive
ˈmedicated
Sound
/ɒ /
/ ɪ/
Part of
speech
adj
adj
Type
Main meaning in medicine
describes a cough where
patient produces sputum
(loose cough)
containing a substance
intended to kill bacteria and
so prevent or cure infection
(of skin or hair)
Main meaning(s)
in general English
producing a lot for
the amount of
resources used
2.1 Vocabulary
F Look up the bold words from Exercise C.
1 Where is the stress in each word?
2 What is the sound of the underlined letter(s) in each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Stress
ˈepisode
ˈcarrier
Sound
/ ɪ/
/ ɪ/
Part of
speech
n
n
Type
Main meaning in medicine
C
short period of time in
which a person is affected
badly by an illness
C
person infected with a
disease that could be
transmitted to others
Main meaning(s)
in general English
an event or short
period of time
passenger airline or
company that moves
people or goods from
one place to another
2.1 Vocabulary
F Look up the bold words from Exercise C.
1 Where is the stress in each word?
2 What is the sound of the underlined letter(s) in each word?
3 Which meaning is most likely in a medical context?
Stress
ˈmurmur
ˈpatient
Sound
/Ə/
/Ə/
Part of
speech
n/v
n/adj
Type
Main meaning in
medicine
Main meaning(s)
in general English
C/I/T
(n) abnormal sound
made by the heart
(v) to speak quietly so
that you can hardly be
heard
C
(n) person receiving
medical care
(adj) calm, able to deal
with a difficult situation
without becoming angry
2.1 Vocabulary
G Test each other on the words from Exercise C. Give
the dictionary definition of one of the words. Can
your partner guess which word you are defining?
2.1 Vocabulary
H Discuss the pictures on the opposite
page using words from this lesson.
an ultrasound
an artificial limb
a pacemaker
2.1 Vocabulary
H Discuss the pictures on the opposite
page using words from this lesson.
a magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scan
in vitro fertility (IVF) treatment
a skin graft
2.2 Reading
A What are the greatest medical
achievements of all time?
Possibly:
penicillin
the discovery of DNA
organ transplants
…
2.2 Reading
B Study the text on the right.
1 Define each achievement.
2 How did it change human
life?
3 Which is the greatest
achievement?
Medical achievements of the past 50
years
• vaccinations
• steroids (e.g., cortisone)
• cardiac surgery
• organ transplants
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• laser surgery
• discovery of DNA structure
• research into endorphins
Reference:
The Cambridge History of Medicine,
Roy Porter, ed., 2001
2.2 Reading
Achievement
B Study the text on the right.
Definition
Effect
Vaccinations
injection of a microbe to stimulate beat bacteria, controlled deficiency or
viral diseases and provided effective
the immune system and so
medication
prevent disease
Steroids (e.g.,
cortisone)
a chemical substance produced
naturally in the body
made it possible to increase
understanding of the immune system
surgery on the heart
enabled doctors to carry out heart
transplants and open-heart surgery
Cardiac surgery
replacing one human organ
Organ transplants (from the recipient) with that
from another person (the donor)
extended lives of people with chronic
heart disease, for example
2.2 Reading
B Study the text on the right.
Achievement
Definition
Effect
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
a radiology technique that uses
magnetism, radio waves and a
computer to produce images of
body structures
revolutionized diagnostic capacities,
increased accuracy of disease
detection (in particular to the head,
trauma to the brain)
Laser surgery
surgery carried out using a
narrow beam of light radiation
or a laser beam to cut through
tissue
enabled doctors to carry out
microsurgery, increased precision,
recovery period is reduced compared
with traditional surgery
Discovery of DNA
structure
one of two types of molecules
that encode genetic information
led to developments in screening for
genetic diseases, for example
Research into
endorphins
hormones produced in the brain
that reduce feelings of pain
led to finding a treatment for
Parkinson’s disease and other
disorders of the nervous system
2.2 Reading
C You are going to read a text. What should
you do before you read a text in detail?
See Skills bank.
Skills bank
Doing reading research
Before you start reading …
Think
of research questions. In other words, ask yourself: What
must I find out from my research?
Look
at headings, sub-headings, illustrations, etc. Look for
patterns or variations in presentation, e.g., a series of dates;
words in bold or italic script. Think: What information do they
give me?
Decide
how to record information from your reading. Choose
one or more methods of note-taking. See Unit 1 Skills bank.
2.2 Reading
D This text is about a great achievement
from the last 50 years.
1 Think of some research questions before you read.
2 Compare your questions with those in the Hadford University
assignment on this page.
2.2 Reading
E Study these topic sentences from the text and answer
the questions below.
Paragraph 1
However, there was still a critical issue to be resolved if cardiac
surgery was to develop any further.
Paragraph 2
The complex problem of tissue rejection
remained an issue throughout the 1970s.
Paragraph 3
One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight
Harken, a US army medic serving during World War II.
Paragraph 4
Such breakthroughs do have their limitations, however.
Paragraph 5
In 1952, open-heart surgery was attempted for the very
first time at the University of Minnesota.
Paragraph 6
Closed-heart surgery was the next stage in the
development of cardiac surgery.
Paragraph 7
Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have
been those made in cardiac surgery.
Paragraph 8
The prognosis for heart transplant patients has greatly
improved over the past 20 years.
Paragraph 9
But what could be done for patients whose hearts were diseased beyond
repair and for whom the only solution was a new heart?
2.2 Reading
E Study these topic sentences from the text and answer
the questions below.
1 Which achievement is this text about?
2 Where do you expect to find the answer to each question in the Hadford University
assignment? Write 1, 2 or 3 next to the topic sentence.
3 What do you expect to find in the other paragraphs?
Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have been those made in cardiac surgery.
One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight Harken, a US army medic serving
during World War II.
1
Closed-heart surgery was the next stage in the development of cardiac surgery.
1
However, there was still a critical issue to be resolved if cardiac surgery was to develop any further.
1
2
In 1952 open-heart surgery was attempted for the very first time at the University of Minnesota.
But what could be done for patients whose hearts were diseased beyond repair and for whom the only
solution was a new heart?
The complex problem of tissue rejection remained an issue throughout the 1970s.
The prognosis for heart transplant patients has greatly improved over the past 20 years.
Such breakthroughs do have their limitations however.
1
1/2
3
2.2 Reading
F Read the text on the opposite page and check
your ideas.
See Skills bank.
Skills bank
Doing reading research
While you are reading …
Highlight
the topic sentences.
Which paragraph(s) will probably give me the answer to
my research questions?
Think:
Read
these paragraphs first.
Make notes.
After reading …
Think:
If
Did the text answer all my research questions?
the answer is no, look at other paragraphs to see if the
information is there.
2.3 Extending skills
A Study the words in box a. They are all
from the text in Lesson 2.2.
1 Give two common meanings for each word.
2 Check with your dictionary.
Meaning 1
bypass
transplant
patient
n
a road passing around a town
as opposed to going through
it
v
move a growing plant to
another spot
Meaning 1
n
v
calm, able to wait for a long time
adj or deal with a difficult situation n
without becoming upset
operation to the heart that
redirects the blood so it avoids
the damaged/blocked area
replace one human organ (from
the recipient) with that from
another person (the donor)
person receiving medical care
2.3 Extending skills
A Study the words in box a. They are all
from the text in Lesson 2.2.
1 Give two common meanings for each word.
2 Check with your dictionary.
Meaning 1
operation
tissue
circulation
v
work in a particular way
n
thin paper used for
wrapping gifts or to blow
one’s nose
Meaning 1
v
cut open the body to repair
or remove damaged tissue
n
collection of cells forming
the different parts of the
human body
n movement of (air, gas, water) n
around an area or machine
movement of blood around
the body
2.3 Extending skills
A Study the words in box a. They are all
from the text in Lesson 2.2.
1 Give two common meanings for each word.
2 Check with your dictionary.
Meaning 1
flow
organ
n
n
a flowing movement in a
stream, the manner in which
a thing flows
musical instrument
Meaning 1
n
the movement of blood
around the body
n
part of the body with a
particular purpose, e.g.,
heart, lung, kidney
2.3 Extending skills
B Study the words in box b. They are all from the
text in Lesson 2.2.
1 What is the base word in each case? What is the part of
speech of the base word?
2 Does the prefix/suffix change the part of speech?
3 How does the prefix/suffix change the meaning of the
base word?
2.3 Extending skills
Word
B Study the words in box b. They are all from the
text in Lesson 2.2.
Base word
Affix and meaning
achievement (n)
achieve (v)
ment = verb ➔ noun
successful (adj)
success (n)
ful = noun ➔ adjective
dislodge (v)
lodge (v)
oxygenate (v)
oxygen (n)
transplant (n/v)
plant (n/v)
rejection (n)
reject (v)
trans = from one place to another
ion = verb ➔ noun
resistance (n)
resist (v)
ance = verb ➔ noun
infection (n)
infect (v)
ion = verb ➔ noun
dis = lack of
ate = noun ➔ verb
2.3 Extending skills
C Look back at the text from Lesson 2.2. After each
topic sentence, how does the writer continue the
paragraph? Choose one or more from the following list.
• defining and describing
• restating the topic sentence
• giving more information
• giving (an) example(s)
• giving a list of points
• concluding
2.3 Extending skills
C Look back at the text from Lesson 2.2. After each
topic sentence, how does the writer continue the
paragraph? Choose one or more from the following list.
Topic sentence
Followed by
Discourse markers
Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical
science have been those made in cardiac surgery.
giving examples
first
One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery
was Dr Dwight Harken, a US army medic serving during
World War II.
defining and
describing
Closed-heart surgery was the next stage in the
development of cardiac surgery.
defining and
describing
However, there was still a critical issue to be resolved if
cardiac surgery was to develop any further.
giving more
information
In 1952, open-heart surgery was attempted for the very
first time at the University of Minnesota.
a list of points
Initially, moving on,
With time, indeed
However
First of all,
Secondly, Finally
2.3 Extending skills
Topic sentence
C Look back at the text from Lesson 2.2. After each
topic sentence, how does the writer continue the
paragraph? Choose one or more from the following
list.
Followed by
Discourse markers
But what could be done for patients whose hearts
were diseased beyond repair and for whom the only
solution was a new heart?
response to a
question
The complex problem of tissue rejection remained
an issue throughout the 1970s.
defining and
describing
The prognosis for heart transplant patients has
greatly improved over the past 20 years.
giving examples
Another example
giving more
information
(about complexity)
Indeed
Such breakthroughs do have their limitations,
however. giving
subsequently
2.3 Extending skills
See Skills bank.
D Write a summary of the text from Lesson
2.2. Paraphrase the topic sentences. Add
extra information and examples.
Skills bank
Using topic sentences to summarise
The topic sentences of a text normally make a good basis for a
summary. Follow this procedure:
Locate the topic sentences.
Paraphrase them – in other words, rewrite them in your own
words so that the meaning is the same. Do not simply copy them.
(This is a form of plagiarism.)
Add supporting information – once again, in your own words.
Check your summary. Check that the ideas flow logically. Check
spelling and grammar. If your summary is short, it may be just
one paragraph. Divide a longer summary into paragraphs.
Skills bank
Using topic sentences to summarise
Example:
Topic sentence
Possibly some of the greatest achievements
in medical science have been those made in
cardiac surgery.
Paraphrase of topic
sentence
Cardiac surgery is one of the most important
achievements in medical science.
Supporting information
and examples
(summarized)
In 1896, Dr Ludwig Rehn carried out heart
surgery for the first time, followed by openheart surgery in the 1950s and bypass
operations ten years later.
2.4 Extending skills
A
Can you remember all the medical
achievements from Lesson 2.2, Exercise B?
Possible answers:
Vaccinations
Steroids (e.g., cortisone)
Cardiac surgery
Organ transplants
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Laser surgery
Discovery of DNA structure
Research into endorphins
2.4 Extending skills
B The lecturer has asked you to research
vaccinations.
1 What do you understand by the term?
Vaccination involves the administration of a preparation that allows
the body to develop resistance to a disease without having to be
exposed to it.
2 Think of good research questions before you read the text on the
opposite page.
The three questions from Lesson 2.2 would be fine, although students
may come up with better ones.
3 Look quickly at the text. What is the best way to record
information while you are reading?
A timeline would be an appropriate form of notes (See Unit 1 Skills
bank).
2.4 Extending skills
C Study the text on the opposite page.
1 Highlight the topic sentences.
2 Read each topic sentence. What will you find in the rest of the paragraph?
Topic sentence
Possible paragraph content
One of the greatest achievements of 20thcentury medicine was the global eradication of
smallpox.
history of the smallpox disease (severity,
number of people killed, etc.)
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is
most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.
background on the disease (mechanisms of
transmission of the disease, incubation
period and symptoms of the disease)
The first attempts to control the disease used
a technique known as variolation.
initial techniques used (what is variolation
and to what degree was it successful?)
However, it was the discovery of vaccination by
Edward Jenner in 1796 which marked a major
step forward in controlling the disease.
description of the discovery of vaccinations
2.4 Extending skills
C Study the text on the opposite page.
1 Highlight the topic sentences.
2 Read each topic sentence. What will you find in the rest of the paragraph?
Topic sentence
Possible paragraph content
Further advances were made in the 1920s with the
development of dried vaccines in France and the
Netherlands.
further developments and their significance
In 1966, the WHO set a ten-year goal for the
eradication of smallpox worldwide.
the eradication process (was the goal
achieved)?
By 1980, the WHO could formally declare smallpox
eradicated worldwide.
the eradication of smallpox (what evidence
did the WHO have to be able to say this?)
Smallpox has a number of unique characteristics
which made its eradication possible.
how it was possible to eradicate smallpox
(what were the unique characteristics?)
Although smallpox has ceased to kill, it remains a
potential danger to humanity.
conclusion – why does it remain a danger?
2.4 Extending skills
C Study the text on the opposite page.
3 Which paragraph(s) will probably answer each research question? Read
those paragraphs and make notes.
The appropriate paragraphs to read depend on the research questions
you and your students decide on.
4 Have you got all the information you need? If not, read other paragraphs.
D Use the Internet to research one of the medical achievements from the
list in Lesson 2.2, Exercise B. Use the research questions from Lesson 2.2.
1 Make notes.
2 Write a series of topic sentences which summarize your findings.
3 Report back to the other students. Read out each topic sentence, then
add extra details
Tips for Reference
2.1 Vocabulary部分，教师讲解Vocabulary bank内容，并以小组课堂讨论
形式，讨论练习A、B、E、F、H；课后学生完成练习C、D、G。
2.2 Reading部分，让学生课后查阅资料，完成练习A、B；教师课堂讲解
Skills bank 中 的 “ Doing reading research ” 技 能 ， 深 度 阅 读 文 章
“Cardiac surgery: a brief history”，并按次序完成练习C、D、E、F。
2.3 Extending skills部分，让学生课前完成练习A、B；课堂教师讲解练习
C，并再次深度阅读文章“Cardiac surgery: a brief history”，完成该练习；
教师讲解Skills bank中的“Using topic sentences to summarise”技能，
并完成练习D。
2.4 Extending skills部分，让学生根据课堂讲解和讨论内容，课后完成练
习A、B、C、D。
谢谢欣赏！