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Ayurveda
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Ayurveda
Worlds oldest system of natural medicine
Traditional, comprehensive, evolved over 5000 yrs
Veda = “knowledge or science”
Ayus = “life or lifespan”
Ayurveda means... “Science of Life” or “Knowledge of the Lifespan”
Deals with the principles of creation, preservation and
restoration of health, and the promotion of longevity
(Morrison & Svoboda; 1995)
Brief History of Ayurvedic Medicine
• Early health-care was considered a part of a spiritual tradition
• The early Sages:
– deeply devoted to God
– received knowledge of Ayurveda through divine revelation
– Knowledge transmitted orally & eventually transcribed into books
• 600 B.C. two schools of Ayurveda formed: School of Physicians &
the School of Surgeons
– They established a strong empirical foundation for Ayurveda
• Consequently, Ayurveda grew into a respected & widely used
system of healing in India
(Mishra, Singh & Dagenais, 2001)
Brief History of Ayurvedic Medicine
• 400 B.C. Ayurvedic texts translated into Chinese
– Many Chinese scholars came to India to study Ayurveda
• 800 A.D. Ayurvedic books translated into Arabic
• 900 A.D. Islamic physicians quoting Ayurvedic texts
– became very influential & contributed to evolution of medicine in Europe
• 1600 A.D. Paracelsus, (Renaissance physician) practiced a system of
medicine that borrowed heavily from Ayurveda
• Significant obstacle for the scientific credibility of Ayurveda was the lack
of standardization, adherence to traditional methods for preparing
formulas
(Mishra, Singh & Dagenais, 2001)
Ayurveda
Goal: to integrate & balance the body, mind,
spirit. This is believed to help prevent illness
& promote wellness
Many therapies used in Ayurvedic medicine are
also used on their own as CAM—i.e. herbs,
massage, & specialized diets
(National Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2005)
Ayurveda is Holistic
• View of the individual as an integrated whole,
not a collection of parts
• Sees the person as intimately connected to
nature and the universe
Environment, relationships, job and constitutional type, diet
& activities, the weather & seasons are important when
considering prevention, diagnosis & treatment
MENTAL PHYSICAL EMOTIONAL SPIRITUAL
(National Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2005)
An Emphasis on Balance
• The human body is part of nature – when it runs
perfectly as designed, it can be perfectly healthy
• Using self-healing and self-regulating, it is trying
to be healthy at all times (homeostatic balance)
Interference causes imbalance
• Wrong diet, poor exercise, negative thinking, stress and fatigue etc.
(Morrison & Svoboda; 1995)
The five fundamental elements that make up
the universe:
space, air, fire, water & earth
also make up the human physiology
These energies are called...“doshas”
(Mishra, Singh, & Dagenais, 2001)
DOSHAS/ DOSAS
Structure & Energy
• Concept of dosha has two fundamental ideas:
1. Its being a bioenergetic substance
1. Its acting as a bioenergetic regulatory
physiological force, process, principle
(Fontaine, 2005; Ninivaggi, 2008)
Three Doshas
vata
pitta
kapha
(Fontaine, 2005)
Vata
Elements: air & space
Climate: dry & cold
Principle: movement
Emotions: fearful, anxious, sensitive, nervous, changeable
Systems Most Affected by Vata Imbalances: CNS & colon
Symptoms of Vata Imbalance:
flatulence, back pain, circulation problems, dry skin,
fearfulness, arthritis, constipation and CNS disorders
(Fontaine, 2005; Ninivaggi, 2008)
Pitta
Elements: fire & water
Climate: hot & moist
Principle: transformation
Emotions:
hate, anger, intolerance, impatience, jealousy, humour,
intelligence, warm-heartedness.
Systems of Pitta Imbalance:
skin disorders, acidity, sun-sensitivity, premature hair loss
or loss of hair colour, diarrhea
(Fontaine, 2005; Ninivaggi, 2008)
Kapha
Elements: water & earth
Climate: cold & damp
Principle: cohesion
Emotions:
stubbornness, greed, jealousy, possessiveness, lethargy,
reliability & methodical behaviour, kindliness, motherliness
Systems of Kapha Imbalance:
congestion, bronchial/nasal discharge, sluggish, digestion,
nausea, slow mental responses, idleness, desire for sleep,
excess weight, fluid retention
(Fontaine, 2005; Ninivaggi, 2008)
Ayurveda & Transcultural Nursing Perspectives
Leininger’s Modes of Action & Decisions
a. Culture Care Preservation/Maintenance
Nursing Goal: identify practices based on care preservation
& maintenance for healthy outcomes
b. Culture Care Accommodation/Negotiation
Nursing Goal: accommodating of herbs & special diets
Awareness of meditation practices
c. Culture Care Repatterning/Restructuring
Nursing Goal: awareness of practices & legal issues
(Larson-Presswalla, 1994)
Ayurveda & Newman’s Theory of Health as
Expanding Consciousness
Definition of Consciousness - Interaction With Environment
PERSON
•Imbedded in & interacting with the larger energy system known
as the universe
•Known for their ways of being, patterns of energy, &
distinctness from others
ENVIRONMENT
•Human beings are related to the larger universe, always in
interaction with the environment
•Consciousness is a manifestation of an evolving pattern of
person-environment interaction
(Newman & Moch, 1991; Pharris & Endo, 2007)
Ayurveda & Newman’s Theory of Health as
Expanding Consciousness
HEALTH
•Incorporates disease as a manifestation of the evolving
pattern (information) of the whole person in interaction with
the environment
NURSING
•Goal: to utilize their power that is within as they evolve
toward higher level of consciousness
(Newman & Moch, 1991; Pharris & Endo, 2007)
Application to Nursing Practice
• Patient Safety
 Ayurvedic Medications http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahcasc/media/advisories-avis/_2008/2008_73-eng.php
• Patient Education
• Nurse Education
 Determining Dosha types and reviewing lifestyles
(Narayanasamy & Narayanasamy, 2006)
Personal Background of the
Practitioner
• RAKESH R. MODI (Ayurveda Guru)
B.A.M.S., D.Ac., Dr.Ac., M.Ac., M.Ac.F., C.A.H.P.





Ayurvedic Physician & Lecturer
Certified Holistic Practitioner
PanchaKarma Specialist
Quality Assurance Person (Q.A.P.)
Co-Founder & Director of ICAP Inc. (International Council of Ayurvedic
Physician Inc.)
 Director of IIACM Inc. (Institute of Ayurveda & Complimentary Medicines
Inc.)
Personal Background of the
Practitioner
• RAKESH R. MODI (Ayurveda Guru)
B.A.M.S., D.Ac., Dr.Ac., M.Ac., M.Ac.F., C.A.H.P.
•
•
•
•
Family Tradition - 4th generation practitioner
Father emigrated to Canada & opened practice in Toronto
Dr. Modi continued with practice: expanded & modernized it
Brought a modern influence to an ancient system
Training / Licensing Requirements
for Ayurveda
Training is accredited and licensed, but
specific to individual, private schools /
institutions that certify individual
practitioners.
(RNAO, 2009; AMANA, 2009)
Ayurveda & Mind BodySpirit Relationship
Knowledge Gained from the Interview:
• Lifestyle:
 Plays an important part in maintaining mind-body-spirit
relationship
• Food and Diet:
 What you eat will affect your physical and mental health
• Work and Leisure:
 The way we handle our bodies will affect the mind-body-spirit
relationship
• Our body & mind are interconnected & inseparable
Ayurveda & MindBodySpirit Relationship
• Dr. Modi’s statements were in line with the research
literature
• Food and Diet:
– What we eat plays a big part in determining health
– Brings strength, complexion, happiness & longevity without
disturbing the equilibrium of dhatus (tissues) & doshas of the body
• Work and Leisure:
– These are activities as opportunities to counter any imbalances &
nurture the mental, emotional & inner aspects
• Take Home Point: The way we handle our body will
ultimately affect our mind & spirit
(Morrison & Svoboda, 1995; Sharma, 2009; Krishnamurthy & Telles, 2007)
Ayurveda & MindBodySpirit Relationship
Knowledge Gained from Literature:
• Holistic knowledge:
 the whole range of life, inner, and outer
• Individual as an integrated whole:
 not just a collection of parts (eyes, lungs, heart)
• Each and every person is unique, with their own
individualistic mind, body constitution & life
circumstances
(Morrison & Svoboda, 1995; Anselmo & Brooks, 1996; Garodia et. al, 2007; Mishra et. al, 2001;
Lenora, 2009; NCCAM, 2005; Narayanasamy; 2006; Krishnamurthy & Telles, 2007; LarsonPresswalla; 1994)
Ayurveda & MindBodySpirit Relationship
Knowledge Gained from Literature:
• Body uses its innate self healing as a self regulating
ability for a perfect homeostatic balance
• Doshas work together to produce strong healthy
tissues.
• Doshas are balanced if the mind & body are in harmony
producing emotional & mental stabilities.
 Simply, what we eat and do each day & how we think & feel
are the influences in maintaining a good body-mind-spirit
relationship
(Morrison & Svoboda, 1995; Anselmo & Brooks, 1996; Garodia et. al, 2007; Mishra et. al, 2001;
Lenora, 2009; NCCAM, 2005; Narayanasamy; 2006; Krishnamurthy & Telles, 2007; LarsonPresswalla; 1994)
Ayurveda & MindBodySpirit Relationship
Knowledge Gained from Literature:
• Dr. Vasant teaches that certain negative emotions are connected with
specific body muscles & organs
ORGAN
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Adrenals
Anxiety, lack of support
Bladder
Insecurity
Colon
Nervousness
Heart
Sense of lack of love, feelings of deep hurt
Lungs
Sadness and grief
Kidney
Fear
Gallbladder
Hate
Liver
Anger
Small Intestine
Sense of Failure
Spleen
Greed, attachment, possessiveness
Stomach
Lack of fulfillment, contentment
(Morrison & Svoboda, 1995)
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Interview comments:
• The practice of Ayurveda
 Diet
 Adjustment to lifestyle & workstyles
 Education
• Ayurveda Diagnosis
 Initial assessment through observation
 Pulse diagnosis
• Ayurveda Treatment
 Panchakarma (Five actions of cleansing)
 Shiro Dhara (Oil dripping on forehead)
• Mental health and Ayurveda
 Mental Health and Addictions department collaboration on research about mental
health and Ayurveda
 Extensive research being conducted in Ayurveda and mental illness
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Literature on Ayurveda:
• Imbalance in mental doshas (satogun, rajogun &
tamogun) & body doshas (vata, pita & kapha) causes
major illness.
• Management includes:
 Clinical examination
 Diagnosis – essentially done by observation, touch & questioning
 Dietary Interventions
 Lifestyle Interventions
 Treatment
(Mishra, 2001)
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Literature on Ayurveda:
• Clinical examination consists of a 8-point diagnosis:





Pulse diagnosis
Urine, stool, tongue, voice & body sounds
Eye, skin, & total body appearance examination
Digestive system & physical health examination
Additional examinations include digestive capacity, personal
habits & resilience
(Mishra, 2001)
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Literature on Ayurveda:
• Treatment







Panchakarma (Cleansing)
Palliation
Dietary & lifestyle interventions
Herbal dietary supplements
Yoga
Massage
Education
(Mishra, 2001)
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Literature on Ayurveda:
• Diet
 Vital to health management
 According to:
o Your Primary Dosha
o Season
o Climate
o Age & Sex
o Qualities of Food
(Mishra, 2001)
Dr. Modi’s Comments & Our Assessment
of Ayurvedic Research
Literature on Ayurveda:
Ayurveda & Mental Health
• Study on treatment of schizophrenia with Ayurvedic
medicine
• Treatment of depression with Ayurvedic medicine
• Shirodhara (dripping oil on the forehead)
 Anxiety
 Altered state of consciousness
 ADHD
(Agarwal et al., 2009; Krishnamurthy & Telles, 2007; Ohja,
Kumar, & Rai, 2007; Uebaba et al., 2008)
Payment Structure/Fees
• Ayurvedic Consultation $115
 Follow up consultation $50
• Sliding Scale of Treatment & Payment options
• Diamond / Golden / Silver Packages
 Panchakarma - rejuvenation & cleansing
o $ 325 (+3hr session) - $ 175 (1½ hr session)
 Shirodhara - flowing stream of medicated warm oil on
forehead (third eye)
o $ 120 (1½ hr session ) - $ 30 (15min)
 Abhayanga (Ayurvedic Healing Massage)
o $190 (2 hours) - $ 45 (½ hour)
http://www.ayurvedtoronto.com/services.htm
Ayurveda & Traditional Chinese
Medicine
Similarities
• both conceptualize essence of life in terms of the ebb
& flow of energy
• focus on the patient rather than the disease
• aim to promote health & enhance quality of life
• symptoms mean very little by themselves
• examines every person holistically & by their body type
to properly form diagnoses
• many overlapping herbs used in both traditions
(Patwardhan, Warude, D., Pushpangadan, P., & Bhatt, 2005)
Ayurveda & Traditional Chinese
Medicine
Differences
• TCM diagnoses patients based on to the Ying & Yang Theory
 practitioners see the body as a unified whole with opposing aspects
 every element, function & feeling has a complementary opposite
 view illness as a result of Yin & Yang imbalance
• Ayurveda concerned with achieving balance between the three
doshas
 views the body as a series of energy channels
 disease is seen as an impairment to the flow of energy through these
channels
(Patwardhan, Warude, D., Pushpangadan, P., & Bhatt, 2005)
Ayurveda & Reiki
• Both approaches grounded in the belief of life
energies
• Reiki is a purely energy based therapy
• Ayurveda concerned with seven major Chakras
(Miles & True, 2003)
Ayurveda & Aromatherapy
• Utilize many of the same raw materials
– essential oils, absolutes, phytoncides , herbal
distillates, infusions, carrier oils
• Both apply the principle of synergism of essential
oils with the body to heal the mind, improve
cognitive functioning & overall health
• Both systems believe the nose to be the gateway
to the brain & consciousness
(van der Watt, & Janca, 2008)
How is Ayurveda perceived and its
relevance to our caring-healing
praxis?
Hands-On! Ayurvedic Methods &
Techniques
• Video Demonstrations
• Class Exercise
 What’s your dosha?
 How to balance your dosha?
References
Agarwal, V., Abhijnhan, A., & Raviraj, P. (2009). Ayurvedic medicine for schizophrenia. The
Cochrane Collaboration, 4, 1-35.
Anselmo, P., & Brooks, J. (1996). Ayurvedic Secrets to Longevity and Total Health. London:
Prentice Hall.
Biswas, T., & Mukherjee, B. (2003). Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activities:
A review. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 2(1), 25-39.
Fontaine, K.L. (2005). Complementary & alternative therapies for nursing practice. (2nd ed.).
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education Inc.
Garodia, P., Ichikawa, H., Malani, N., Sethi, G., & Aggarwal, B. (2007). From Ancient Medicine to
Modern Medicine: Ayurvedic Concepts of Health and Their Role in Inflammation and Cancer.
Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 5(1), 1-16.
Krishnamurthy, M., & Telles, S. (2007). Assessing depression following two ancient Indian
interventions: Effects of yoga and Ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. Journal of
Gerontological Nursing 33(2), 17-23.
Larson-Presswalla, J. (1994). Insights Into Eastern Health Care: Some Transcultural Nursing
Perspectives. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 5 (1), 21-24.
References
Lenora, S. (1968). Ayurveda Medicine: The Strange and Fascinating Tale of the Art and Science of
Indian Medicine. Clinical Pediatrics, 7, 239-242.
Miles, P., & True, G. (2003). Reiki: Review of a Biofield Therapy. Alternative Therapies in Health
and Medicine, 9(2), 62–72.
Mishra, L. (2001). Healthcare and disease management in Ayurveda. Alternative Therapies in
Health and Medicine, 7(2), 44-50.
Mishra, L., Singh, B.B., & Dagenais, S. (2001). Ayurveda: A Historical Perspective And Principles of
the Traditional Healthcare System in India. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine,
7(2), 36-42.
Narayanasamy, A. & Narayanasamy, M. (2006). Ayurvedic Medicine: An Introduction for Nurses.
British Journal of Nursing, 15(21), 1185-1190.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2005). Ayurvedia Medicine: An
Introduction. Retrieved October 23, 2009, from
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ayurveda/introduction.htm
Newman, M. A., & Moch, S. D. (1991). Life Patterns of Persons with Coronary Heart Disease.
Nursing Science Quarterly, 4(4), 161-167.
References
Ninivaggi, F.J. (2008). Ayurveda: A comprehensive guide to traditional Indian medicine for the
West. Praeger Publishers, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc.
Ohja, N., Kumar, A., & Rai, M. (2007). Clinical study on the role of Ayurvedic compound (Manas
Niyamak Yoga) and Shirodhara in the management of ADHD in children. National Institute of
Ayurveda.
Patwardhan, B., Warude, D., Pushpangadan, P., & Bhatt, N. (2005). Ayurveda and Traditional
Chinese Medicine: A Comparative Overview. eCAM, 2(4), 465–473.
Pharris, M. D., & Endo, E. (2007). Flying Free: The Evolving Nature of Nursing Practice Guided by
the Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(2), 136-140
Sharma, V. (2009). Diets based on Ayurvedic constitution-potential for weight management.
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 15(1), 44-47.
Uebaba et al., (2008). Psychoneuroimmunologic effects of Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment.
Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, 14, 1189-1198.
van der Watt, G., & Janca, A. (2008). Aromatherapy in nursing and mental health care.
Contemporary Nurse, 30 (1), 69-75.