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زیبا تقی زاده PhDبهداشت باروری معاون پژوهشی دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران معاون مرکز تحقیقات پرستاری و مامایی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران [email protected] 2 3 History Empowerment of Women Historically, the women’s right to vote was first seriously proposed in the United States in 1848 . Before the 19th century women were mostly limited to housework and factory work. Women were not allowed to be lawyers, doctors, scientists … and other professions, except for writing or teaching. When World War II happened, men went to war while women were called to work to replace the men’s positions. "Empowerment of Women" Dr. Kathleen Peoples 2013. American Center in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Empowerment of Women is a very long story that eventually led to women becoming empowered in the United States and that gained their right to vote. Like other places in the world, women’s empowerment did not happen naturally. To gain empowerment required a large amount of effort, time, and change regarding socioeconomic and political aspects in order to achieve the level of power. The general concept of empowerment is a multi-dimensional social process that helps people, especially, to gain more control, participate and take part in decision-making. National Review on Women's Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Beijing+20) • Preparation of the National Report on Beijing+20 is a precious opportunity to both illustrate the achievements in the Iranian women's and girls' empowerment and review the challenges. National Review on Women's Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Beijing+20) Education Increase in girls' literacy rate: • This index that was 94.27% in primary education in 2009-2010 school year, reached 94.46% in 2011. • This rate for the secondary school was increased from 90.22% to 90.88%. • Increase in girls' higher education rate: The rate of female university students to males has increased to 97.6% in 2011. National Review on Women's Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Beijing+20) Health • Improvement in women's life expectancy: This indicator has increased from 63 years in 1991 to more than 74 years in 2012. • Reducing maternal death: The Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to reduce maternal mortality ratio (caused due to complications of pregnancy and child birth) by 75%. This indicator has improved from 91 deaths (per 100,000 live births) in 1988 to about 20 deaths (per 100,000 live births) in 2012. National Review on Women's Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Beijing+20) Women's political participation • Increased women's participation as voters and candidates: The percentage of women's seats in the Islamic Consultative Assembly shows an increase of 350% in the interval between the first to the eighth parliamentary elections, while the female candidacy rate for the parliament indicates a 355% increase during the same period, namely it has risen up from 1.8 percent to 8.2. • Awareness-raising of women on their right to political participation through public training and media as well as their political empowerment. Doan Thi Ngoc Empowerment has been used in many disciplines, the onset of Social Work, Community Development, Gender and Development, Psychology, Education, Economics, Health, etc. Empowerment is the process of building awareness and the ability to participate, make decisions, and to obtain more control in order to make changes in one’s life, one’s community, one’s society, and the universe. Women's Empowerment, Naila Kabeer. IDS Bulletin. Vol 41, 6, p: 105–113, 2010 Theory of Change in Women's Empowerment It suggests that attention needs to be given to strengthening women's capacity for voice and action at different stages of the planning cycle. In particular, there are certain ‘critical moments’ in the life of any intervention when the ideas, values and knowledge of key decision-making actors have a deep impact on how the intervention plays out in practice. SARAH MOSEDALE. ASSESSING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. Manchester University, UK. J. Int. Dev. 17, 243–257 (2005). 4 Aspects on Women’s Empowerment 1. To be empowered one must have been disempowered. 2. Empowerment cannot be bestowed by a third one. 3. Empowerment usually include a sense of people making decisions on matters which are important in their lives and being able to carry them out. 4. Empowerment is an ongoing process rather than a product. There is no final goal. Samantha Lynne Roux Dissertation Magister Scientiae in Clinical Psychology School of Psycho-Social Behavioral Sciences. 2010 Pregnancy is an important life experience in a woman's psychosocial and psychological development. Childbirth is viewed as a journey, shared between mother and baby. The memory and experience of it, vivid and intense, will stay with a woman throughout her life. Empowering Women in Childbirth Rebirth of Birth Empowered For Birth Canberra Doula Service 2007-2013 It's important for women to feel empowered; first as a woman, then as a birthing woman, and finally as a mother. Women should never be made to feel that a choice has been made for them. 9 months is a good portion of time to really prepare. Empowerment in Birth Thoughts from a Midwife on International Women’s Day 2013 How does Empowering women in Birth? “Empowering women to have the birth they want”. “Empowering women through choice”. “Empowering women to make informed decisions” . We cannot make promises that if women do it “our” way using our knowledge they will have the birth they want. Preparing Women for Birth We cannot supply women with a list of things they must gather, learn or achieve to have the birth they want. Because, for every woman it is different. Every support person, relationship and family is different. Every birth attendant, midwife, doctor, hospital room, protocol, policy, culture is different. Every woman’s birth story is different. Empowerment in birth is not determined by an outsider or an onlooker. Shared decision-making and evidence-based practice in childbirth. Maureen Corry, MPH,2013 The first decision a woman should be able to make with regard to her labor and birth preferences is choosing her practitioner. Beyond the choice, birthing women make many other decisions along the way about their birth preferences – location, comfort measures, support people, medications, etc. Effectively system is where women make decisions with the help of practitioners who provide them with the evidence-based information they need to do. Birth of a Mother: Empowered Birth, Empowered Motherhood Tracy McDaniel 2012 Reproductive choice is often considered synonymous with contraception and abortion rights, but reproductive choice does not end when a woman chooses not to terminate her pregnancy. A woman’s reproductive journey continues throughout gestation, birth and the post-partum period. It is a journey that can be either empowering or victimizing. Reproductive Rights Empowerment isn’t about getting the “ideal” birth. It is about mothers knowing that they worked hard, were well supported, and made good informed decisions for themselves and their babies. It is about knowing that they are strong, knowledgeable , and capable of anything. How To Have An Empowered Pregnancy Megan Davidson, Ph.D. on Jan 04, 2012 with To be empowered is to have the knowledge needed to make choices, The power and authority to have those choices respected, And the confidence in your own capacities to realize your desires. Am J Public Health. 2011 February; 101(2). Toward a Model of Health Care Empowerment Mallory O. Johnson, The construct of health care empowerment is defined as the process and state of being engaged, informed, collaborative, committed, and tolerant of uncertainty regarding health care. A model in which health care empowerment is influenced by an interplay of cultural, social, and environmental factors; personal resources; and intrapersonal factors. Am J Public Health. 2011 February; 101(2): 265–270. Toward a Model of Health Care Empowerment Mallory O. Johnson, The model offers a framework to understand patient and provider roles in facilitating health care empowerment and presents opportunities for investigation into the role of health care empowerment in multiple outcomes across populations and settings, including inquiries into the sources and consequences of health disparities. A vital interaction between the role of the patient and the provider in the process and state of health care empowerment. • There is a wide range of factors that influence provider behavior in medical encounters. • To move toward greater health care empowerment, the provider must acknowledge, foster, and respect the patient's autonomy and value to the collaborative process while maintaining a role as an expert. • Likewise, patients must be able to accurately gauge the credibility and expertise of their providers, knowing when to trust and when to challenge their health care partners or seek outside consultation. Midwifery. Volume 27, Issue 6 , Pages 811-816, December 2011. Empowerment in the midwifery context a concept analysis. Hermansson, Mårtensson, A concept analysis according to the hybrid model. • The following tentative criteria and attributes of empowerment in the midwifery context are described: Developing a trustful relationship; starting an awareness process, making it possible to reflect on the changing situation; acting based on the parents' situation, getting them involved and able to make informed choices.