Download Treating tobacco use and dependence at OHSU

Treating Tobacco Use
and Dependence at OHSU
Program Modules
(click on topic for more detail)
1.
The Tobacco Problem
2.
Summary information on nicotine dependence and
nicotine (tobacco) withdrawal.
3.
Medications and behavioral support used to treat
nicotine dependence.
4.
Dosing issues and special considerations for
cessation medications.
5.
Patient care at OHSU hospitals and clinics
The Tobacco
Problem
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The Tobacco Problem
• Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease.
• 21.5% of Oregon men and 18.4% of Oregon women smoke.
• Smoking related diseases claim over 7,000 Oregon lives
annually.
• Smoking costs Oregon over $2 billion each year in healthcare costs and lost productivity.
• Smoking is directly responsible for 87% of lung cancer cases
and causes most cases of emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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What Can Be Done?
• One out of two smokers will die prematurely from a smokingrelated disease.
• Every year nearly 45% of smokers try to quit and only about
10% succeed.
• Most smokers try to quit smoking by just stopping “cold turkey.”
• Effective cessation medications + behavioral treatment (e.g.
coaching, counseling, quit lines) can double or triple success
rates vs “cold turkey”.
• You save lives when you provide cessation treatment.
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Why now?
• OHSU is completely tobacco free as of September 17,
2007.
• Patients coming to OHSU will not be able to smoke.
This provides an important opportunity to talk to
patients about quitting and help provide assistance to
stop.
• Evidence-based treatment protocols are widely
available and, with your help, are being implemented
in OHSU hospitals and clinics.
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Nicotine
Dependence And
Nicotine (Tobacco)
Withdrawal
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Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms
• Physical symptoms (can be mistaken for adverse drug experiences.)
– Acute physical symptoms resolve significantly in 3-6 weeks.
– Some cravings persist for months, but become less frequent.
– Medications are generally recommended for up to 12 weeks.
• Emotional symptoms (can be mistaken for adverse drug experiences).
– Some emotional lability is common e.g. depressed affect and anxiety.
(Some risk of Major Depressive Episode in those with recent history of
Mood Disorder - refer for follow-up.)
– Emotional stress due to life circumstances are risks for later relapse
(e.g. death of loved one).
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Some Withdrawal Symptoms Following Abrupt
Smoking Cessation Or Reduction
• Depressed mood
• Anxiety
• Sleep disturbance
• Restlessness
• Irritability, frustration or anger
• Increased appetite or weight
gain
• Difficulty concentrating
• Decreased heart rate
• Cravings
SEVERITY OF WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS IS A
PRIMARY CAUSE OF EARLY RELAPSE.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (4th ed.) Washington, DC.
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Weight Gain And Smoking Cessation:
Results Of A 10 Year Study*
Weight gain is a significant barrier.
• Weight gain or fear of weight gain after quitting can keep smokers
from even trying to make a quit attempt, especially women.
• Most smokers & quitters gained weight over 10 years.
• Women smokers gained 3.7 lbs. (average).
• Women quitters gained 12.1 lbs. (average)
• Women quitters gained more than men quitters.
• 13.4 % of women quitters gained >29 lbs. vs. 9.8% for men quitters
• Most weight gain occurred in the 1st year.
• Some will decide to relapse to try to lose weight.
*Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General; 2001
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Role Of Acetylcholine
Nicotinic Receptors
• Acetylcholine nicotinic sub receptors are normal structures in
the brain and elsewhere of smokers and never smokers (16
nicotinic subtypes identified).
• Nicotinic receptors modulate neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine
(α4β2), norepinephrine, serotonin, opioid peptides, etc. in all
people.
• Nicotine binding excites receptors and disrupts normal activity.
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Role Of Acetylcholine
Nicotinic Receptors
• Chronic nicotine exposure results in permanent receptor upregulation and “nicotine normal” receptor functioning in the brain.
• Reduced nicotine binding at receptor sites due to reduced
tobacco intake or cessation disrupts “nicotine normal” receptor
activity and results in nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
• Receptor activity normalizes without nicotine in 3-6 months, but
up-regulated receptors remain indefinitely.
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Click here for a comprehensive “Review
of Tobacco Dependence and Tobacco
Dependence Treatment”
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Medications To Treat
Withdrawal
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Medications
Who should receive them?
• Nearly all smokers trying to quit, except those with medical
contraindications, adolescents and those who smoke fewer
than 10 cigarettes per day.
• Those who have recently quit (e.g. less than 6 months) who
are concerned about relapse may benefit from PRN use of
flexible dosed nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) such as
nicotine lozenges or gum.
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Purpose Of Cessation Medications
• Cessation medications are primarily designed to blunt
withdrawal symptoms during the acute stages of withdrawal
when a smoker quits.
• None of the medications cure nicotine dependence or
make smokers quit.
• A commitment and desire to quit should be present prior to
medications being dispensed.
• Using an FDA approved cessation medication with counseling
doubles the quit rates over counseling alone.1
1. Fiore et al. USDHHS 2000.
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Purpose Of Cessation Medications
• While the primary purpose of cessation medications is to reduce
withdrawal symptoms, some medications such as varenicline
and bupropion also reduce smoking satisfaction should the
patient smoke while on drug.1
• Varenicline2 and bupropion3 are approved for use beyond usual
length of treatment for maintenance of abstinence up to 24 total
weeks (relapse prevention).
1. Gonzales et al. JAMA 2006;206:47-55. 2. Tonstad et al. JAMA.
2006;296:64-71. 3. Hurt et al. Addict Behav 2002;27:493-507
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Compliance With Medications
• The brain takes many weeks to adjust to low or no nicotine
binding at nicotinic receptors.
• “Failure” of medications is often due to patients using less
medication than recommended (underdosing) or discontinuing
medication too early (similar to compliance issues with
antibiotics).
• Ask about medication use; encourage proper daily
dosing/technique and following recommended length of time for
dosing to increase likelihood of success in quitting and relapse
prevention.
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FDA Approved First-Line
Cessation Medications
• Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT)
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–
–
–
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Nicotine patch
Nicotine lozenge
Nicotine gum
Nicotine inhaler
Nicotine nasal spray
• Varenicline (Chantix®): non-nicotinic
• Bupropion SR (Zyban®, Welbutrin®): nonnicotinic
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Recommended Medications
• Varenicline: Most efficacious of meds (to date); no known drugdrug interactions, no contraindications, moderate cost, nonnicotinic.
• Nicotine patch: Average efficacy, well accepted, easy to use,
few contraindications, lower cost.
• Nicotine patch + flexible dosing NRT (lozenge – also gum or
inhaler): Combining increases efficacy for more dependent
smokers (4 mg lozenge is more efficacious than gum or inhaler).
• Bupropion:, Average efficacy, lower cost, some
contraindications, non-nicotinic
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Varenicline
(Chantix ®)
• Rx
• Is as effective for women as for men.1
• No significant effect on weight gain. 1,2
• Nausea, usually mild to moderate, occurs in up to 30% of
patients. 1,2
• Dose may be reduced by half if nausea persists with less than a
10% decrease in efficacy.3
1. Gonzales et al. JAMA 2006;296:47-55. 2.Jorenby et al JAMA
2006;296:56-63. 3. Chantix prescribing instructions. Pfizer, Inc. 2006.
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Varenicline
• No “black box” in labeling. 3
• No known drug/drug interactions. 3
• Not been tested in pregnant women or children. 3
• Combination therapy has not been tested.
• Dose adjustment (reduced) is recommended for patients with severe
renal impairment. 3
3. Chantix prescribing instructions. Pfizer, Inc. 2006.
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Varenicline
• Usual “target quit day” is 8th day of treatment.
Start with 0.5 mg daily for 3 days.
Increase to 0.5 mg twice daily for 4 days.
Increase to 1.0 mg twice daily on day 8 until the end of
treatment (no need to taper at end of Tx).
• Smoking while taking the medication does not increase health
risk over smoking alone.
• Common adverse events: nausea, sleep disturbance,
abnormal dreams, flatulence.
• Average cost/day is $4.00.
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Nicotine Transdermal Patch
• OTC – fixed dose. Actual nicotine bioavailability is approximately
50% of dose listed on patch.
• Less effective for women*
• NicodermTM, NicotrolTM, HabitrolTM, ProstepTM, generics.
• Quit rates are similar for all patches.
• Time to peak nicotine levels in brain range from 2 hrs (Nicoderm)
to 8 hrs. (a consideration if patches are taken off at night)
• May delay post cessation weight gain.
*Wetter et al. J Consul Clin Psychol; 1999
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Nicotine Transdermal Patch
• For patients who smoke 10-20 cigarettes/day: 21mg once daily
for 6-8 wks. For those who smoke >20 cigarettes/day consider
adding lozenge, gum, or second patch.
• Step down to 14mg for 2 - 4 wks, then step down to 7 mg for 24 wks.
• Common adverse events are patch site skin irritation, vivid
dreams and sleep disturbance.
• Can be combined with other NRT or bupropion.
• Average cost/day is $4.00 for 21mg, $3.40 for 14mg or 7mg.
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Nicotine Lozenge
(nicotine polacrilex)
• OTC - flexible dosing (2 mg & 4 mg). Actual nicotine bioavailability
is somewhat greater than 50% of dose listed on packaging.
• 10-15 minutes to reach the brain.
• May be less effective for women but little gender data available.
• Reduces post cessation weight gain (4 mg)1
• Only NRT shown to be effective for re-treatment.1
• Can be combined with a patch or used for relapse prevention.
1Shiffman
et al. Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking
cessation. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1267-1276
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Nicotine Lozenge
• Start one lozenge every 1–2 hours for first 6 wks; then one
every 2-4 hours for 3 weeks, then one every 4-8 hours.
• Use 4 mg for patients who smoke their 1st cigarette within 30
minutes of awakening, others use 2 mg dose.
• Common adverse events: mouth soreness and dyspepsia.
• Average cost/day is $8.88.
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Bupropion Hydrochloride SR
(Zyban® , WellbutrinSR®, generic)
• Is as effective for women as for men1; reduces/delays post
cessation weight gain; effect is greater in women.2
• Reduces post cessation negative affect. 3
• Not for those with seizure Hx, taking meds that lower seizure
threshold, significant head trauma, anorexia or bulimia or who
currently drink heavily or binge. Seizure risk is 1/1000 for SR.
• Efficacious for re-treatment. 4
1.Gonzales et al. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:234-39. 2.Rigotti et al. SRNT
5th Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA. 1999. 3.Shiffman et al.
Psychopharmacologia 2000;148:33-40. 4.Gonzales et al. Clin Parmacol
Ther 2001;69:438-44.
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Bupropion SR
• Start 150 mg once daily for 3 days, then twice daily for 7-12 weeks.
• Usual target quit day is day 8 of treatment.
• Common adverse events: insomnia, sleep disturbance and
headache.
• Not recommended for those with any Hx of abuse of stimulants.
Can cause agitation.
• SR-average cost/day is $4.33.
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Other Nicotine
Replacement Therapies
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Nicotine Gum (nicotine polacrilex)
• OTC - flexible dosing (2 mg & 4 mg). Actual nicotine
bioavailability is approximately 50% of dose listed on
packaging.
• 10 – 15 minutes to reach the brain.
• Often less effective for women.*
• Reduces/delays post cessation weight gain.
• Not recommended for those with significant dental work (very
stiff and sticky on dental appliances and can cause damage).
• Can be used in combination with a patch and for relapse
prevention.
*Killen et al. J Consult Clin Psychol; 1990
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Nicotine Gum
• Use 2 mg for patients who smoke less than 15 cigarettes/day
(one 2 mg piece every 1-2 hours).
• Use 4 mg for patients who smoke more than 15 cigarettes/day
(4 mg piece every 1-2 hours.
• Common adverse events: jaw pain and mouth soreness.
• Average cost/day is $9.33 for 2 mg and $10.33 for 4 mg dose.
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Nicotine Inhaler
• Rx - flexible dosing. Actual bioavailability is approximately 50% of
dose listed on packaging.
• 10 – 15 minutes to reach the brain (buccal not lung absorption)
similar to gum and lozenge.
• May reduce/delay post cessation weight gain.
• May be especially useful for those who miss “puffing” from smoking
or women due to the similarity to smoking behavior.
• Can be used in combination with other NRT.
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Nicotine Inhaler
• Start with 6-16, 10 mg cartridges per day for three months.
• Taper over six to twelve weeks.
• Common adverse events: mouth and throat irritation.
• Average cost/day is $9.50.
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Nicotine Nasal Spray
• Rx - flexible dosing. Actual bioavailability greater than 50% of the
dose listed on packaging.
• 5-7 minutes to reach the brain. Most rapid onset of all NRTs.
• Women respond differently than men*
• Some clinicians report it is particularly helpful for those with
psychiatric or substance abuse disorders due to the quicker onset.
• May delay post cessation weight gain.
• Can be used in combination with other NRT.
*Perkins et al. Exper Clin Psychopharmacology; 1996
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Nicotine Nasal Spray
• Start with 1-2 0.5mg doses in each nostril every hour for 3-6
months.
• Taper over 4-6 weeks.
• Common adverse events: nose and eye irritation.
• Average cost/day is $16.00.
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Dosing Suggestions For
Nicotine Replacement (NRT)
• Cigarettes smoked per day can serve as a general guide to
dosing NRT (but not other medications).
• 1 cigarette delivers 1.0 mg of nicotine on average, e.g., pack
smoker = 20 mg daily dose of nicotine.
• Goal for NRT(single or combined forms) is steady state
replacement of at least 75% -85% of usual daily nicotine
dose sufficient to manage withdrawal.
• Due to nicotine tolerance from smoking, risk of
unintentional overdose from NRT alone or from using
NRT while smoking is low.1
1. Benowitz et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287;958-962.
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NRT Overview
• Contraindications:*
– Patch: current Hx eczema or psoriasis; allergy to adhesives or
nicotine patches.
– All forms should not be used in patients with Hx of MI within prior
2 weeks.
• Common Adverse Events*
– Patch: sleep disturbance, site reaction
– Lozenge: nausea, hiccups, heartburn due to swallowing nicotine.
* Review prescribing instructions for complete
list of contraindications and adverse events.
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NRT Summary
• Flexible dosing forms allows individual tailoring.
• Women may respond more poorly to NRT 1,2,3.
• Women taking oral contraceptives4 and pregnant
women5 have increased nicotine metabolism (more
rapid clearance) and may need higher doses to
suppress withdrawal symptoms.
1 Killen et al. J Consul Clin Psychol; 1990. 2. Wetter et al. J
Consul Clin Psychol; 1999. 3. Perkins et al. Exper Clin
Psychopharmacol; 1996. 4. Benowitz et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther
2006. 5. Dempsey et al. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 2002.
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NRT Summary
• NRT use may result in reduced or delayed post cessation weight
gain during treatment.
• Smoking while using NRT poses no greater health risk than
smoking alone.1
• Quit rates are generally similar for all forms of NRT.2
• Due to nicotine tolerance from smoking, risk of unintentional
overdose from NRT alone or from using NRT while smoking
is low.1
1. Benowitz. Cardiovascular Diseases 2003;46:91-111. 2. Fiore et al.
USDHHS 2000.
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Second-Line Medication
(Not FDA Approved for Smoking Cessation)
Clonidine - Rx
– Primarily effective for women1
– Common adverse events: dry mouth, dizziness,
drowsiness, sedation.2
– Failure to gradually reduce dose may result in rapid
increase in blood pressure, agitation, confusion, tremor.2
1.Covey et al. Br J Addiction; 1991. 2. Fiore et al. USDHHS 2000.
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Second-Line Medication
(Not FDA Approved for Smoking Cessation)
Nortriptyline-Rx (inexpensive)
– Efficacious, but less so for women with history of
depression 1
– Common side effects: sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision.2
– Cardiovascular disease: risk of changes in contractility and
blood flow, arrhythmias. 2
– Pregnancy caution: has been associated with fetal limb
reduction abnormalities.
1. Hall et al.,1998; 2. Fiore et al. USDHHS 2000.
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Click here for a copy of “Smoking
Cessation Pharmacology at OHSU 2007”
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Special Considerations
Long term use
Pregnant smokers
Patients on psychiatric medications
Patients who need more intensive treatment
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Longer-Term Use of Cessation Meds
• For smokers who have achieved abstinence, but have
persistent withdrawal symptoms at the end of the usual course
of treatment or to prevent relapse.
• Long-term use of NRT does not present a known health risk.
• Varenicline is approved for a 2nd 12-week course of treatment
(up to 24 weeks total) to maintain abstinence (relapse
prevention).
• Bupropion SR is approved for a 2nd course of treatment (up to
24 weeks total) to maintain abstinence.
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Treatment for Pregnant Smokers
• Due to potential unknown fetal risks counseling without
cessation medication is the first choice of treatment.
• Risks of poor pregnancy outcomes due to fetal exposure to
other chemicals in smoke + nicotine are greater than
exposure to nicotine alone from nicotine replacement
therapies (NRT).
• NRTs are pregnancy category D, except for gum and
lozenges, which are pregnancy category C.
• Varenicline and bupropion SR have not been tested in
pregnant smokers and are both pregnancy category C.
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Patients On Psychiatric Medications
• Dose adjustments may be necessary following tobacco
(nicotine) cessation.
• Blood levels of some psychiatric medications may increase
substantially following smoking cessation (within 3-6 weeks)
increasing risk of drug toxicity.
• Psychiatric medications that should be monitored include:
clozapine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, oxazepam,
desmethyldiazepam, clomipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine,
desipramine, doxepin, and propranolol.
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Patients Who Need More
Intensive Treatment
• Patients more likely to need more intensive and
specialized treatment.
– High nicotine dependence who smoke heavily, and/or has
first cigarette within 30 minutes after waking in the morning.
– Severe withdrawal during previous quit attempts.
– Current or recent psychiatric history, especially mood
disorders, schizophrenia.
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Patients Who Need More
Intensive Treatment
– Current or recent (in last year) history of alcohol abuse or
other chemical dependency.
– Current stressful life circumstances or major life changes
(recent serious diagnosis or injury, divorce, job loss,
marriage, new baby etc.).
– Current or recent stressful or high risk employment (police,
firefighters, pilots, surgeons, surgical nurses, military
personnel etc.).
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What Is Intensive Treatment?
• Tailored treatment to impact more specific needs of patients including:
– Medications
• Adjusting cessation medication doses (usually higher).
• Longer duration of drug treatment.
• Combining cessation therapies.
• Adjusting non-cessation medication doses.
– Coaching/counseling
•
•
•
•
More sessions over a longer period of time.
Referral to more highly trained specialists.
More frequent in-clinic or phone follow-up..
Referrals to other services as needed (e.g. mental health).
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Patient Care at OHSU
Hospitals and Clinics
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Hospital Admission
• Patients are told about tobacco free policy when they
schedule admissions and when they register.
• Patients are ASKED about tobacco use:
– Tobacco use questions are on the initial nursing assessment.
– Tobacco use questions are on (some) unit admission orders.
– Tobacco use questions will be included in admission orders in
the Epic system (Spring 2008).
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Nursing education and
Tobacco Dependence Consult
• For patients who have used any tobacco in the last 12
months (JCAHO), nursing will review “Smoking
Cessation Guide for Hospital Patients” (pdf online at
www.ohsu.edu/healthsystem/nursing)
• For patients who have used tobacco in the last 90 days,
MD completes “Tobacco Dependence Inpatient Orders
(PO-7290).
– Tobacco Treatment Specialist Nurse Practitioner is paged to
provide consult at 6-0027.
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Tobacco Dependence Consult
• Tobacco Treatment Specialist Nurse Practitioner
– Completes tobacco dependence assessment & bedside
counseling.
– Develops a treatment discharge plan.
• Includes an FDA approved medication (or combination) &
recommendations for counseling/coaching after discharge.
• Makes arrangements for follow-up after discharge and leaves
instructions for patient.
• Completes preprinted progress note (HP 5336) and chart note.
• Flags discharge plan.
– Contacts medical team to update.
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Hospital Discharge
• Discharge MD
– Review progress note.
– Include tobacco cessation discharge plan in dictated
discharge summary.
– Remind patient of tobacco cessation discharge plan.
– Write appropriate prescriptions.
– Copy of discharge summary to primary care provider.
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Flow Chart
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Outpatient Clinics
“ASK and ACT”
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ASK
• Patients are reminded of OHSU policy when they
schedule and check in for clinic visits.
• All patients are ASKED about tobacco use by the
medical assistant. (Questions are included in the Epicare
system).
• Patients who report tobacco use are asked if they would
like help to quit.
• If NO, give Oregon Tobacco Quitline number to call when
ready (1-800-784-8669). If YES, ACT (or REFER).
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ACT
• Provider discusses quitting with patient: “Quitting is the most
important thing you can do for your health” and assesses when
patient wants to quit.
• If patient is not planning to quit now or IS planning to quit but in
greater than 30 days, recommend that patient call the Oregon
Tobacco Quitline when they are ready (1-800-784-8669.)
• If patient is planning to quit in next 30 days, develop a tobacco
cessation TREATMENT PLAN.
– An evidence-based stop smoking treatment plan includes BOTH
medications to stop smoking AND follow-up for behavioral support.
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ACT
• TREATMENT PLAN Development
– Medications:
• Prescribe one or a combination of the FDA approved stop
smoking/tobacco medications (see “Smoking Cessation
Pharmacology at OHSU 2007” at
www.ohsu.edu/smokingcessation/patientcare.
– Behavioral Support:
• Recommend that OHSU employees follow-up with OHSU
Employee Wellness 4-9355.
• Recommend that patient call the Oregon Tobacco Quitline.
– The OTQL will triage patients to follow-up services covered by
insurance. Also, all callers are eligible for 2 weeks of free patches;
uninsured callers are eligible for 4 weeks.
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ACT
• Treatment Plan (cont.)
– Behavioral Support (cont.)
• Consider encouraging patients to fill prescriptions at OHSU
outpatient pharmacy. OHSU outpatient pharmacists are trained
to provide tobacco cessation consultation for patients.
• Add “Getting Ready to Quit?” patient stop smoking guide to after
visit summary (Epic smart phrase “SMOKINGCESSATION.”)
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REFER
• REFERRAL OPTION TO OHSU OUTPATIENT
PHARMACIES:
– OHSU outpatient pharmacists are trained to develop tobacco cessation
treatment plans following a specific, OHSU medically supervised
protocol.
– OHSU providers can refer their patients to any of the outpatient
pharmacies to develop tobacco cessation treatment plans.
– Only refer patients who are ready to quit within 30 days.
– To refer patients:
• Write, call, or fax prescription to OHSU outpatient pharmacy with “Tobacco
Cessation per OHSU Protocol” on prescription.
– Trained pharmacist will see patient, enter into Epic, and send
information to referring provider.
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The Quitting Process
Precontemplation
Refer patients to
the pharmacy
program who
are in the
PREPARATION
or ACTION
stage of quitting.
Relapse
Contemplation
Want to quit sometime
Preparation
Will quit in next 30 days
Action
Will quit in the next 2 weeks
Maintenance
Adapted from Knight, 1997
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Don’t want to quit
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Termination
Outpatient Pharmacy
Program
OHSU Collaborative Drug Therapy
Management Agreement (CDTM)
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OHSU Collaborative Drug Therapy
Management Agreement
• OHSU outpatient pharmacists can provide patient
cessation services through the OHSU Collaborative
Drug Therapy Management Agreement.
• The CDTM permits pharmacists to:
– Recommend smoking cessation medications and behavioral
follow-up and develop a treatment plan.
– Prescribe medications based on an OHSU approved
treatment algorithm.
• Patients are referred to the pharmacy program who
are ready to quit in the next 30 days
(preparation/action stage).
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Getting Started
• For patients ready to quit, pharmacists will
• Develop a treatment plan.
– Treatment plan includes an FDA approved
medication (or combination) & recommendations
for counseling/coaching.
• Write and fill prescriptions under the CDTM.
• Make arrangements for follow-up.
• Send information to referring provider.
• Enter into Epicare.
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OHSU Treatment Plan Development
• Treatment planning begins with an assessment
–
–
–
–
Smoking and quitting history
Tobacco dependence
Motivation and readiness
Health and medication histories
• Treatment Plan is based on assessment data
– Medications + counseling/coaching recommendations – either
standard or intensive
– Prescription(s), dispensing
– Consideration of referral for additional non-cessation treatments
– Follow-up type (in-clinic, phone, quit line etc) and frequency.
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REMEMBER . . .
Quitting smoking is the most important thing
your patients can do to protect their present
and future health.
With your help, they can be successful.
Your efforts will save lives!
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For more information…
Visit www.osu.edu/tobaccofree and click on
“Information for health professionals”
or visit
www.ohsu.edu/smokingcessation/patientcare
Email [email protected] with questions or
comments
Call 503 494-FREE (3733)
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