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IN THE NAME OF GOD Three cases of Behcet`s disease with vascular involvement Gholamrezapoor, MD, resident of internal medicine & Sasan Fallahi, MD, rheumatologist, Kerman University of Medical Sciences CASE PRESENTATION FIRST CASE A 48 years old female HISTORY • Chief complaint Pain and swelling of the left lower limb • Present illness Patient’s problem has been started from four weeks ago, initially she had pain and subsequently swelling of the left lower limb. Swelling appeared initially in distal side of leg and then extended to proximal side of the left thigh. She also had history of fever, especially at the evening. No dyspnea, chest pain and hemoptysis. HISTORY • Past History she did not have any previous history of known illness, except admission for PID, 7 years ago. She also, had an abortion. No history of recent surgery, trauma, bed ridden or traveling. She used Prednisolone(5mg daily),Omeprazol, Doxepin and Loratadin since 4 weeks ago, but she did not used OCP. HISTORY • Family History There was no significant point. • Personal and Social History She was not smoker and opium addict. HISTORY • Review of Systems Oral painful lesions – – – – Since 8 years ago Interval 20 days Duration 10-15 days At the time of physical examination, the lesion was present. Genital painful lesions – – – – Since 4 years ago Interval several months Duration 5-7 days At the time of physical examination, the lesion was not present. Dysuria – When genital lesion was present HISTORY • Review of Systems Red eye, tearing and Pain in left eye since 20 years ago intermittently. No history of visual loss Skin lesion in both lower limbs since 15 days ago No history of headache and seizure No history of GI problems such as abdominal pain or diarrhea No history of arthralgia or arthritis PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • General Survey Patient is a middle age female, awake and oriented, without any distress, she was thin and pale. • Vital Signs PR:80 RR:15 BP:90/60 AxilaryT:37 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Head & Neck -Mild conjunctivitis and tearing in left eye was noted(red eye). -Aphthous lesions in right and left side of tongue were noted -Trachea and thyroid were normal - No adenopathy • Chest & Cardiac & Axillary NL • Abdomen Prominent veins were visible in epigastric zone, with flow from down to up. There was no distention, tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and ascites. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Upper extremities -No skin lesion -Bilateral radial arteries pulsation were normal and symmetric . -Active and passive motion of joints were normal. Force of proximal and distal muscles were near to normal for her sex and age PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Lower extremities -Swelling and pitting edema in left lower limb, specially in foot, ankle and distal side of leg -Size difference between circumference of two legs was about 2.5cm. -Red brownish colored nodule with tenderness (1.5 * 1.5 cm ) on lateral side and anterior surface of the left leg compatible with erythema nodosum -Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis arteries pulsation in left side were palpable but weaker than right side. Active and passive motion of joints were normal. Force of proximal and distal muscles were near to normal. DUPPLER SONOGRAPHY • Thrombosis in CFV and SFV were noted. • Venous thrombosis was extended to the left iliac vein and IVC. • SMA, SMV, Portal vein and hepatic arteries were normal. DIANOSIS DVT LABORATORY TEST • CBC WBC:7500 RBC:3790000 HG:9.2 HCT:31.3 MCV:82.6 MCH:24.3 MCHC:24.4 Plat:360000 ESR:104 CRP:+3 RF: Neg LABORATORY TEST • Biochemistry BS:86 Urea:15 Creat:0.89 AST:18 ALT:12 Al Ph:255 Bil Total:0.6 Bil Direct:0.16 LDH:435 • Electrolyte Na:135 K:3.9 Ca:8.5 P:4.5 • Coagulative PTT:41 PT:15 INR:1 LABORATORY TEST • PBS Hypochromic:+1 Anisocytosis:Mild Poychilocytosis:+1 Ovalucytosis:Mild Teardrop:Mild Helmet:Mild • Urine analysis SG:1015 PH:7 Others: NL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY • EF:60% • PAP:NL • There was no abnormal finding. ABDOMINOPELVICE SONOGRAPHY • Liver, biliary tract, pancreas and urinary tract were normal GYNECOLOGICAL CONSULT • No aphthous, active lesion or scar in genital area OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CONSULT • There was naso-lacrimal duct stenosis in left eye. • No evidence of uveitis or retinal vasculitis SECOND CASE A 36 years old male HISTORY • Chief complaint Pain and swelling of the right lower limb since two weeks ago • Present illness -Swelling has been appeared initially in right foot and then extended to the right leg and thigh. -No fever, dyspnea, chest pain and hemoptysis HISTORY • Past History -known case of DM since six months, ago -No history of recent surgery, trauma or bed rest, but he had a trip by bus , 45 days ago. HISTORY • Family History No significant point. • Personal and Social History No smoking and opium addiction HISTORY • Review of Systems Oral painful lesions – The first time appeared at 1375 and continued for 2 weeks and then disappeared for 5 years – Further started from 1380 – Interval 20 days – Duration about 15 days – At the time of physical examination, the lesion was present. Genital painful lesions – The first time appeared at 1380 And reoccurred several times . – Duration 3-5 days – At the time of physical examination, there was no lesion or scar. HISTORY • Review of Systems -45 days, ago a few skin pustular lesions appeared on right leg. only two small brownish papule remained. -No history of erythema nodosum -Swelling of right testis one month, ago -No history of visual loss, red eye and ocular pain -No history of headache and seizure -No history of GI problems such as abdominal pain or diarrhea -No history of arthralgia or arthritis PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Patient is a young male, awake and oriented, without any distress. • Vital Signs PR:84 RR:14 BP:120/80 AxillaryT:37.4 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Head & Neck -An aphthous lesion in anterior side of tongue was noted. -Trachea and thyroid were normal. -No adenopathy • Chest & Cardiac & Axillary NL • Abdomen -No distention, tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and ascites PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Upper extremities -No skin lesion -Bilateral radial arteries pulsation were normal and symmetric. -Active and passive motion of joints were normal. -Force of proximal and distal muscles were normal. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Lower extremities -Swelling and pitting edema in right lower limb, specially in foot, ankle and distal side of leg -Size difference between circumference of two legs was about 1.5cm. -Two skin lesions (brownish colored pigmentation with 3 * 3mm in size )were visible on lateral side of the right leg (scars of pseudofolliculitis). Bilateral dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis arteries pulsation were palpable, normal and symmetric. -Active and passive motion of joints were normal. -Force of proximal and distal muscles were normal . DUPPLER SONOGRAPHY • Thrombosis in popliteal vein • CFV and SFV were normal. • SMA, SMV, portal vein and IVC were normal. DIAGNOSIS DVT LABORATORY TEST • CBC WBC:7400 RBC:5180000 HG:14.3 HCT:45 MCV:87 MCH:28 MCHC:32.1 Plat:374000 • Biochemistry BS:207 Urea:31 Creat:1 AST:14 ALT:13 Al Ph:234 Bil Total:0.75 Bil Direct:0.16 Uric acid:4.8 LABORATORY TEST • Electrolyte Na:137 K:4.2 Ca:9.2 P:3.5 • Coagulative PTT:31 PT:13 INR:1.1 Pathergy test THIRD CASE 34 years old male HISTORY -Diplopia and visual loss since Farvardin, 1390 due to thrombosis of cerebral venous sinuses, increase of ICP and optic disk atrophy. -8 months, ago he had DVT in left lower limb for which Warfarin started. -Post prandial abdominal pain 6 months, ago HISTORY -Abdomino-pelvice CT scan: vascular aneurysm was suspected. -CT Angiography showed aneurysm in abdominal aorta and right common iliac artery. -Operation was done and Prednisolone,60mg daily and Cyclophosphamide, monthly were started. HISTORY • Review of system -Oral aphthous since the age of eight -No history of genital lesions -No history of erythema nodozum or pseudofolliculitis -No history of arthritis THE FIRST CASE Oral aphtous + Erythema nodosum + DVT + Positive pathergy test Behcet’s disease THE SECOND CASE Oral aphtous + Pseudofolliculitis Lesions + DVT + Positive pathergy test Behcet’s disease THE THIRD CASE Oral aphtous + Increased ICP, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and lower limb DVT + Arterial aneurysm + Positive pathergy test Behcet’s disease VIRCHOW'S TRIAD • Proposes that VTE occurs as a result of 1. Alterations in blood flow (stasis) 2. Vascular endothelial injury 3. Alterations in the constituents of the blood (inherited or acquired hypercoagulable state) RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOSIS • Inherited thrombophilia 1. Factor V Leiden mutation 2. Prothrombin gene mutation 3. Protein S deficiency 4. Protein C deficiency 5. Antithrombin (AT) deficiency 6. Rare disorders Dysfibrinogenemia RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOSIS • Acquired disorders 1. Malignancy 2. Surgery, especially orthopedic 3. Trauma 4. Pregnancy 5. Oral contraceptives 6. Immobilization 7. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 8. Myeloproliferative disorders – Polycythemia vera – Essential thrombocythemia 9) Presence of a central venous catheter 10) Congestive failure 11) Hormone replacement therapy 12) Tamoxifen, Thalidomide, Lenalidomide 13) PNH 14) IBD 15) Nephrotic syndrome 16) Behcet disease SCREENING FOR HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE • Screening for a hypercoagulable state is not generally recommended unless the results are likely to change subsequent therapy for the patient or family members • There is currently no consensus regarding who to test for inherited thrombophilia SCREENING FOR HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE Only patients with one or more of the following: 1. Initial thrombosis occurring prior to age 50 without an immediately identified risk factor (ie, idiopathic or unprovoked venous thrombosis) 2. A family history of venous thromboembolism (ie, firstdegree relatives with VTE prior to age 50) 3. Recurrent venous thrombosis 4. Thrombosis occurring in unusual vascular beds such as portal, hepatic, mesenteric, or cerebral veins 5. A history of warfarin-induced skin necrosis, which suggests protein C deficiency THROMBOPHILIA WORK-UP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Antithrombin Protein C Protein S Factor VIII level Factor V Leiden Antiphospholipid antibodies Lupus anticoagulant Prothrombin gene mutation Thrombophilia workup:Effects of anticoagulant therapy and acute thrombosis Hypercoagulable disorder for testing Confounding Factors Acute thrombosis Heparin therapy Coumadin therapy Can be lowered Lowered NC; Rarely increased Antiphospholipid antibodies NC NC NC Factor V Leiden NC NC NC Antithrombin (deficiency) Factor VIII level Acute phase reactant. Do not test while inflammation is still present. Lupus anticoagulant NC Cannot measure False positives possible Protein C (deficiency) Can be lowered* NC Cannot measure• Protein S (deficiency) Can be lowered* NC Cannot measure• NC NC NC Prothrombin gene mutation BEHCET’S DISEASE DEFINITION • Behcet's disease is a multisystem autoimmune disorder presenting with recurrent oral and genital ulcerations as well as ocular involvement. EPIDEMIOLOGY • • • • Affects young males and females Males and females are affected equally Males often have more severe disease Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and the Far East • Prevalence ranges from 13.5 to 20 per 100,000 • Prevalence in the United States and Europe have ranged from 0.12 to 7.5 per 100,000 PATHOGENESIS The etiology and pathogenesis of this syndrome remain obscure • Increase of circulating autoantibodies – Anti-Enolase of endothelial cells – Anti-Selenium binding protein – Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies • Association of Behcet's disease with HLA-B*5, HLAB*51 and the MHC Class I region is confirmed • An association with ILI0 and the IL23R-ILI2RB2 locus were also observed • Perhaps infectious acts as a immune activity trigger PATHOLOGY The classic Behçet’s lesion is 1. Necrotizing leukocytoclastic obliterative perivasculitis 2. Venous thrombosis 3. Lymphocytic infiltration of capillaries, veins and arteries of all sizes • Cellular infiltration is often neutrophils and CD4+ T lymphocytes • In some patients, diffuse inflammatory disease, involving all layers of large vessels and resulting to formation of pseudoaneurysms, suggests vasculitis of vasa vasorum. CLINICAL FEATURES Mucocutaneous 1. The recurrent aphthous ulcerations – – – – – – Are a sine qua non for the diagnosis The ulcers are usually painful Are shallow or deep with a central yellowish necrotic base Appear singly or in crops Are located anywhere in the oral cavity Less than 10 mm in diameter are seen in 85% of patients, while large or herpetiform lesions are less frequent – The ulcers persist for 1-2 weeks and subside without leaving scars CLINICAL FEATURES 2. The genital ulcers – Are less common but more specific – Painful – Do not affect the glans penis or urethra – Produce scrotal scars 3. Pseudofolliculitis 4. Erythema nodosum 5. Acne-like exanthem CLINICAL FEATURES Eye involvement • Occurring in 50% of patients • Is usually present at the onset but may also develop within the first few years • Includes 1. Anterior uveitis (Iritis ) 2. Posterior uveitis 3. Bilateral pan uveitis with scarring • Is the most dreaded complication, since it occasionally progresses rapidly to blindness. 4. Retinal vessel occlusions 5. Optic neuritis CLINICAL FEATURES Articular involvement • Seen in a 50% of patients • Non-deforming arthritis or arthralgia • Affects knees and ankles CLINICAL FEATURES Vascular involvement 1. Venous involvement – SVT or DVT is seen in 30% of patients – The superior vena cava is obstructed occasionally – Pulmonary emboli are a rare complication 2. Arterial involvement – Occurs in less than 5% of patients – Presents with • • • • Aortitis Peripheral arterial aneurysm Arterial thrombosis Pulmonary artery vasculitis presenting with dyspnea, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, and infiltrates on chest roentgenograms has been reported in 5% of patients • Behcet’s disease involve blood vessels of all sizes - small, medium, and large - both arteries and veins CLINICAL FEATURES Neurologic involvement • 5-10% 1. Mainly in the parenchymal form (80%) it is associated with brain stem involvement – IL-6 is persistently raised in CSF of these patients 2. Dural sinus thrombi (20%) are associated with headache and increased ICP CLINICAL FEATURES Gastrointestinal involvement • Is seen more frequently in patients from Japan • Consists of mucosal ulcerations of the gut, resembling Crohn's disease Genital tract involvement • Epididymitis is seen in 5% of patients PATHERGY TEST • Nonspecific skin inflammatory reactivity to any scratches or intradermal saline injection is a common and specific manifestation • A papule or pustul 2 mm or more in size developing 24 to 48 hours after oblique insertion of a 20 to 25 gauge needle 5mm intra-demal, generally performed on the forearm DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS • Differential diagnosis of recurrent oral ulcers includes – – – – – – – – – – – Herpes simplex Benign aphthous ulcers Inflammatory bowel disease Stevens-Johnson syndrome SLE Dental prosthetics Oral hygiene products Medications such as methotrexate can cause oral ulcers Pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, cicatricial pemphigoid, Lichen planus Linear IgA disease DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS • Differential diagnosis of genital ulcers include: – HSV – Syphilis – Chancroid – Lymphogranuloma venereum – Fixed drug reactions – Neoplasms – Trauma DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS • Other causes of inflammatory eye disease, neurologic disease, vascular disease, arthritis, are included – – – – – – – – – – – – SLE IBD Sarcoidosis Reactive arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis FMF MS Tuberculosis HIV Malignancies DIAGNOSIS • Diagnosis is clinical and based on internationally agreed diagnostic criteria • Recurrent oral ulceration plus two of the following: 1. Recurrent genital ulceration 2. Eye lesions 3. Skin lesions 4. Pathergy test LABORATORY FINDINGS • Laboratory findings are mainly nonspecific indices of inflammation, such as 1. Leukocytosis 2. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate 3. Elevated C-reactive protein levels TREATMENT • Mucocutaneouce involvement 1. Topical glucocorticoids (triamcinolone) in the form of mouthwash or paste 2. Topical Sucralfate 1g/5mL four times daily as a mouthwash 3. Colchicine 4. In more serious cases, Thalidomide (l00 mg/d) 5. Prednisone starting dose is 15 mg/day, with tapering to 10 mg/day after one week and discontinuation of prednisone entirely over two to three weeks period TREATMENT • Uveitis – Prednisone(I mg/kg per day) and azathioprine (2-3 mg/kg per day) • Sight-threatening uveitis – Cyclosporin (5mg/kg) +/- azathioprine • Panuveitis refractory or intolerant to other immunosuppressives – Anti-TNF therapy TREATMENT • Arthritis 1. Colchicine 1 to 2 mg/day, administered in divided doses 2. NSAIDs 3. Prednisone 10 mg/day is an appropriate starting dose • Joint complaints not controlled by colchicine TREATMENT • CNS-Behcet's syndrome – Prednisone(I mg/kg per day) and azathioprine (2-3 mg/kg per day) PROGNOSIS • Behçet’s disease typically has a waxing and waning course characterized by exacerbations and remissions • The disease appears to be more severe in young, male, and Middle Eastern or Far Eastern patients • The severity of the syndrome usually abates with time • Apart from the patients with CNS-Behcet's syndrome and major vessel disease, the life expectancy seems to be normal and the only serious complication is blindness Oral aphthous on tongue Oral aphthous Dilated superficial veins Erythema nodosum Oral aphthous