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Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System Conditions • Some external or superficial conditions can give the doctor clues as to what is wrong with the patient • These are based on color of the condition Cyanosis • Cyano means “blue” • Cause; lack of oxygen • Bluish coloration to skin, lips, fingernails, inferior eye muscle • Can be a symptom of – Hypoxia-inducing diseases (asthma, emphysema, pneumonia) – methemoglobinemia Erythema • Erythro means “red” • Cause: photosensivity or chemosensitivity to medications, hand creams, skin infections • Red spots, blisters or lesions appear Pallor • Pallor refers to a loss of skin color • Loss of blood in capillaries due to shock, anemia, blood loss, heart condition, • More a condition than a disease Jaundice • Jaundice refers to yellowing • Causes: disease/damage to liver; in newborns, due to immature liver Bronzing • Bronze color similar to a tan, but with a metallic sheen; can be in form of hyperpigmentation spots • Causes: Addison’s Disease & Cushing’s Disease; overproduction of cortisol from adrenal glands Bruises • Cause: broken capillaries under the skin due to intense pressure • Colors range from deep blue-black, purple and red to yellowish-green Oculocutaneous Albinism • Cause: loss of genetic information for melanin production in hair, eyes and skin • Human albinos have very light blue eyes, not pink! • Inherited trait – must inherit genes from both parents. Boils and Carbuncles • Cause: infection of hair follicles with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria • Enter through a scratch, cut, or break in skin • Bacteria encounter white blood cells and are killed; forms pus in a painful nodule under the skin that rises up • Boils and carbuncles can either be lanced or can be “expressed” (squeezed) if a white “head” appears Cold Sores, Fever Blisters • Cause: Herpes Simplex 1 virus • Virus hibernates in the trigeminal nerves of the face which ennervates the nose, eye, lips and cheek • In active condition forms the “cold sore” on the lip • Person is HIGHLY contageous! • In immune-compromised patients, cold sores can spread to nose and eyes Genital Herpes • Cause: Herpes Simplex 2 virus • Contagious when developing sores or with open sores • Forms on the genitalia and anus • Person will experience “prodromal symptoms” of tingling, itching or burning before lesions appear – VERY contageous at this point • Use of Acyclovir or Valtrex, both which can control outbreaks • Use of condom during sex is recommended between outbreaks Impetigo • Caused by Streptococcus Group A bacteria or Staphylococcus aureus • Bacteria usually infect area already compromised by poison ivy, sunburn • Scratching affected area with dirty fingers • Occurs predominately in summer • Occurs predominately in pre-school or schoolaged children Mongolian Spot • Common in persons of Latino, Asian, East Indian and African heritage; 10% of Caucausians • Caused by excess melanocytes in affected area; form just before or just after birth; areas have a wavy edge • May fade with age Port Wine Stain or Hemangioma • Cause:congenital feature at birth of excess caused by enlarged capillaries under the skin • Can be treated with laser therapy Porphyria • Cause: inheritance of genes that cause body to lack a certain enzyme or acquired in life • Red blisters, breakdown of skin, photosensitivity, itching, swelling, fine, lanugo-like hair growing on forehead and body • Believed to have given rise to myth of lycanthropy or were wolves Psoriasis • Caused by rapid cell turnover of the cutaneous epidermis due to an immune system overload to the skin • Occurs more often in adults • Family history or none Vitiligo Caused by loss of pigmentation in spots all over the body when melanocytes stop producing melanin in those areas due to a. Immune system destroying the melanocytes b. Hyperthyroidism c. Very severe sunburn killing off melanocytes d. Family history Rosacea • Cause is unknown; not believed to be genetic • Chronic inflammation and dilation of capillaries and blood vessels under the skin • Exacerbated by heat, food, alcohol, caffeine, hot spices • Skin may thicken in these areas, making skin bumpy, especially on cheeks and nose (nose growth called Rhinophyma) • Some areas more sensitive and may develop pustules • Begins in teen years, gets worse as age • Can also occur in the eyes!