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1. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Case number: 187*** Age: 24 Y/O Sex: Female Diagnosis: G1 P0 11 weeks and 6 days AOG; Incomplete Abortion 2. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT GENERAL Ambulatory Conscious and coherent Slightly weak (+) dizziness Active vaginal bleeding In pain; presented by grimaced face and guarding the abdominal area. Vital signs: B/P= 90/60mmHg PR= 90 bpm T= 36. 5 C RR= 22 bpm INTEGUMENTARY Pale in appearance Cold and clammy skin Nail beds slightly bluish in color HEAD AND NECK Facial symmetry No lesions nor masses palpated No deformity noted No palpable lymph nodes noted No nasal flaring, congestion or drainages noted Pale conjunctiva noted Dry and pale lips also noted BODY AND UPPER/LOWER extremities No physical deformities, contractures nor paralysis noted. Good range of motion. GENITOURINARY Profuse vaginal bleeding with soaked pads. With minimal blood clots. Cervix closed upon vaginal examination by SOD. Able to void freely in adequate amount. No painful sensation during urination as reported. NEUROLOGIC Slightly anxious. Uncooperative in internal examination. Oriented to time, place and person. 3. PATIENT HISTORY PAST HISTORY Consultation done at DAAH under Dra. Sofia dated 17/10/12, investigations done as follows: LMP: not sure SERUM B-HCG (QUANTITATIVE) RESULT 58,598 mIU/ ml Transvaginal Ultrasound Impression: •Anembryonic pregnancy 6 weeks and 5 days AOG by MSD •No embryonic pole seen •No yolk sac •Irregularly shaped gestational sac •Normal ovaries with corpus luteum on the right 1 day prior to admission (03/11/12) (+) vaginal spotting Hypogastric pain PRESENT HISTORY G1 P0 11 weeks and 6 days by UTZ Complaint of: Profuse vaginal bleeding Hypogastric pain Dizziness Quick scan with UTZ revealed gestational sac at the lower uterine segment. 4. TOPIC PRESENTATION ABORTION Is the spontaneous or induced loss of an early pregnancy. Any interruption of pregnancy before a fetus is viable or that is less than 20 weeks age of gestation (AOG), or that which weighs less than 500g. The term miscarriage is used often in the lay language and refers to spontaneous abortion. TYPES OF SPONTANEOUS ABORTION 1.Threatened Abortion Consists of any vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy without cervical dilatation or change in cervical consistency. Usually, no significant pain exists, although mild cramps may occur. More severe cramps may lead to an inevitable abortion. Very common in the first trimester; about 2530% of all pregnancies have some bleeding during the pregnancy. Less than one half proceed to a complete abortion. On examination: blood or brownish discharge may be present in the vagina. The cervix is not tender, and the cervical os is closed. No fetal tissue or membranes have passed. The ultrasound shows a continuing intrauterine pregnancy. 2. Inevitable Abortion An early pregnancy with vaginal bleeding and dilatation of the cervix. Typically, the vaginal bleeding is worse than with a threatened abortion, and more cramping is present. No tissue has passed yet. On ultrasound, the products of conception are located in the lower uterine segment or the cervical canal. 3. Incomplete Abortion A pregnancy that is associated with vaginal bleeding, dilatation of the cervical canal, and passage of products of conception. Usually, the cramps are intense, and the vaginal bleeding is heavy. With passage of tissue within the vagina. Ultrasound may show that some of the products of conception are still present in the uterus. 4. Complete Abortion A history of vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and passage of tissue exists. After the tissue passes, the patient notes that the pain subsides and the vaginal bleeding significantly diminishes. The examination reveals some blood in the vaginal vault; a closed cervical os; and no tenderness of the cervix, uterus, adnexa, or abdomen. The ultrasound demonstrates an empty uterus. Anembryonic gestation (also known as a blighted ovum) is a pregnancy in which the very early pregnancy appears normal on an ultrasound scan, but as the pregnancy progresses a visible embryo never develops. In a normal pregnancy, an embryo would be visible on an ultrasound by six weeks after the woman's last menstrual period. Anembryonic gestation is one of the causes of miscarriage of a pregnancy. 5. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EARLY PREGNANCY RISK FACTORS MATERNAL/ PARENTAL FACTORS *AGE *POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS *POOR IMMUNE SYSTEM *W/ UNDERLYING DISEASE OR CONDITION AUTOIMMUNE (APAS) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS *EXPOSURE TO RADIATION *TERATOGENS LIFESTYLE *USE OF ALCOHOL *PROHIBITED DRUGS *SMOKING CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES INFECTION HIGH RISK PREGNANCY MISCARRIAGE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: *LOWER BACK PAIN *VAGINAL BLEEDING *ABDOMINAL CRAMPS 7. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS UTERINE CRAMPING LOWER BACK PAIN VAGINAL BLEEDING 8. NURSING INTERVENTIONS Monitor vital signs. Monitor vaginal bleeding through pad count. Promote bed rest. Provide fluid resuscitation. If considerable amount of blood loss has occurred, aggressive hydration, iron therapy or transfusions may be indicated. Prevent infection. Provide emotional support. 9. TREATMENT MEDICAL COMPLETE ABORTION usually needs no further treatment, medically or surgically. THREATENED ABORTION- use of progestogen. MISOPROSTOL is an effective medical therapy. It increase uterine smooth muscle contractions and soften the cervix to allow passage of products of conception from missed abortion, inevitable abortion, or incomplete abortion. Risks for medical therapy include bleeding, infection, possible incomplete abortion, and possible failure of the medication to work. SURGICAL Inevitable and incomplete abortions are typically treated surgically with D&C. Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) (0.2 mg IM)- given after D&C to contract the uterus. This will also decrease the likelihood that clots will be retained in the uterus. Risks of a D&C include bleeding, infection, possible perforation of the uterus, and possible Asherman syndrome after the procedure. 10. COMPLICATIONS Hemorrhage High fever due to infection. Maternal mortality. Accumulation of clot in the uterine cavity without expulsion due to uterine atony. 11. PRIORITIZATION OF NURSING PROBLEMS A. Fluid volume deficit related to profuse vaginal bleeding secondary to incomplete abortion. B. Acute pain related to uterine cramping secondary to expulsion of some products of conception. C. Anticipatory grieving related to loss of pregnancy. D. Risk for infection related to dilated cervix and open uterine vessels. 12. NURSING CARE PLAN ASSESSMENT CUES/ EVIDENCE SUBJECTIVE: “I felt dizzy and I consumed 5-6 pads today and it’s fully soaked.” OBJECTIVE: *Profuse vaginal bleeding with soaked pad and with minimal blood clots. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Fluid volume deficit related to profuse vaginal bleeding secondary to incomplete abortion. PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION GOALS AND DESIRED OUTCOME NURSING INTERVENTIONs RATIONALE FOR INTERVENTION After 6-8 hours of INDEPENDENT: nursing intervention Assessed the stability the patient will be of the patient able to demonstrate through monitoring improve fluid balance vital signs. as evidence by minimal vaginal bleeding, good Inserted gauge 18 of skin turgor, diminish cannula at the left pallor. metacarpal vein. Instructed the patient to do pad counts. Maintained bed rest and assisted in ADL. Schedule activities to undisturbed rest periods. *Skin pallor noted. *Bluish nail beds. *Cold and clammy skin. *Dry oral mucous membranes. EVALUATION Provide baseline data regarding patient’s condition. IV line is needed for the hydration of the patient to replace the blood loss. After 6-8 hours of nursing interventions the goals were met as evidenced by: Scanty vaginal bleeding. Good skin turgor and color. Fast capillary refill <2 sec To monitor the bleeding and able V/S stable: to assess the blood loss. BP- 110/70mmHg T- 36. 9 C Activity increases PR- 80 bpm intra-abdominal RR- 20 bpm pressure that may cause further bleeding and also to promote fast recovery. *V/S as follows: DEPENDENT: BP- 90/60mmHg T- 36. 5 C PR- 90, bpm RR- 22 bpm Administered fluids as ordered. To replace fluid loss and aids in fast recovery. Hgb, Hct, RBC monitored. Through laboratory results we can see the effectiveness of the theraphy. EVALUATION 13. NURSING HEALTH TEACHING Explained to the patient the need to wait for at least 3-6 months before attempting another pregnancy. Reinforced or discussed with the couple the methods of contraception to be used. Instructed the couple to observe for signs of infection such as fever, pelvic pain, and change in character or amount of vaginal discharge and advise to report them immediately. Explained to the patient the importance of follow up check-up to monitor the presence of bleeding and contraction of the uterus after D&C. Emphasized the importance of take home medications prescribed by the physician. 14. CONCLUSION First Trimester/early pregnancy is the most crucial stage of pregnancy in which the mother must have a closed watch or gives much attention to. Therefore I conclude that Antenatal check-up during pregnancy is important to monitor the status of the fetus and the mother. Any presence of unusual signs and symptoms must be reported immediately. If in any case pregnancy loss is inevitable immediate action is needed, any delay may result to infection or further complications to mother. As a nurse, we need to encourage pregnant women to have their routine check-ups to prevent any complications during or throughout their pregnancy. Importance of vitamins and other pregnancy supplements should be emphasized. Medical team stands an important role in human well-being. The role of a healthcare provider must not just within the hospital but also in the home wherein provided health teachings must be implemented. 15. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (Foundation), Inc. Clinical Practice Guidelines on Abortion (November 2010) Pages 1-15 2. Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice 9th Edition; pages 1316, 1317, 1318 3. Maternal and Child Health Nursing by Adele Pillitteri 5th Edition; pages 400409 4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15991947/Nursingcribcom-SpontaneousAbortion 5. http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/maternal-childhealth/spontaneous-abortion/ 6.http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/fundamentals-ofnursing/nursing-diagnosis-for-female-reproductive-diseasesdisorders/ 7. http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-careplan-dilatation-and-curettage-d-c/ 8. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/795085-overview 9. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/795085-clinical 10.http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/miscarriage/complic.htm 11. http://arispestanyo.hubpages.com/hub/nursing-care-planabortion 12. http://www.healthplus24.com/womenshealth/miscarriage.aspx