Download Geography History

Global Business Management
Country Report
Professor Yingchan Edwin Tang
Dien Rachel Sandra Patrick Shawna Weiling Onpicha Tina
Outline
• China’s geography
• History of China, heritages, wars and impacts
- Warring States period
- Qin dynasty
- Han dynasty
- Yuan dynasty
- Ming dynasty
- Qing dynasty
China’s Geography
-
Geography note
Terrain
Climate
River
Geographical regions
9.6 million km²
rd
3
largest country
in total area
Stretches 5,026 km
No 1 : Yangtzu, 6.380km
No 2 : Huangha (Yellow river ), 5.464km, the cradle of
Chinese civilization
Serve more than 1/3 of China population (> 400mil people)
How many of the major cities of China are on major rivers?
Do you think Shanghai's geographical situation helps explain its prominence?
Geographical regions
Energy project, food
production, raw materials
Mineral and animal
processing
Hi-tech industries
producing goods for
export
China and Go-West policy
History of China, heritages, wars and impacts
- Warring States period
- Qin dynasty
- Han dynasty
- Yuan dynasty
- Ming dynasty
- Qing dynasty
History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2100 BC
History of China
Xia dynasty c. 2100 – c. 1600 BC
Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
Zhou dynasty c. 1045 – 256 BC
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States
Neolithic
IMPERIAL
Qin dynasty 221–206 BC
Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD
Xia dynasty
Tang dynasty
Shang dynasty
Warring States
Western Han
Xin dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265–420
Western Jin
Zhou dynasty
Eastern Jin
Yuan dynasty
Sixteen Kingdoms
Southern and Northern Dynasties
420–589
Sui dynasty 581–618
221BC
206BC
Ming dynasty
Qin dynasty
Tang dynasty 618–907
(Second Zhou 690–705)
Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms
907–960
Qing dynasty
Han dynasty
220AD
Liao dynasty
907–1125
Song dynasty
960–1279
Northern Song
Southern Song
W. Xia
Jin
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Ming dynasty 1368–1644
Qing dynasty 1644–1911
MODERN
Warring States period (476–221 BC)
•
A period in ancient
China following the
Spring and Autumn
period and concluding
by Qin
• Coincides with the
second half of the
Eastern Zhou dynasty
• Seven Warring States
• The name of this period
was derived from the
“Record of the Warring
States “
Spring and Autumn / Warring States period
- The rise of “Hundred Schools of Thought”
• Constant conflict and need for innovative social
and political models led to the development of
many philosophies.
• Confucius founded the first private school –
Confucianism (Ruism).
• Mohism- represented by Mozi
• Legalism - represented by Shang Yang & Han Fei
• Taoism - represented by Lao Tzu
Qin dynasty (221–206 BC)
• First imperial dynasty of China
• The first Emperor of Qin was known as
Qin Shi Huang
• Highly structured political power and
a stable economy
• Currency, weights and measures were
standardized, and a uniform system of
writing system was established
• The European name for China is thought
to be derived from Qin
Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
General Meng Tian
QIN
221 to
206 BC
215 BC
Xiongnu
Great Wall
To prevent people from
invasion by other
countries
To show Qin’s
technology and power
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
- The Terracotta Warriors and Horses
• At the center of a complex designed to mirror
the urban plan of the capital – Xianyan(now
Xian).
• Took 39 years to build by 800,000 workers.
• 56.25 square kilometers.
• The terracotta figures are life-sized painted
with bright pigment.
• Real weapons made by bronze.
• unprecedented political, military and
economic power and advanced the social,
cultural and artistic level of the empire.
Han dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)
• Founded by Liu Bang
• A golden age in Chinese history
• Territory of China was extended to
areas far west
• Art, culture, and science all advanced
to unprecedented heights
Silk Road
• 7,500 km, interconnected
Asia and Europe. Extended
in Tang and Sung Dynasty.
• Explorations of Chinese
imperial envoy- Zhang Qian.
• Commercial relationships
with the sophisticated
urban civilizations.
• Trade raw materials,
foodstuffs, luxury goods –
tea, porcelain, silk.
• 166AD, Roman empire send
the first envoy team to
China.
• Cultural exchange – religion,
philosophy, technology.
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
& THE YUAN DYNASTY
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
• Mongols were
nomadic peoples of
Northern China
• In 1206, a powerful
leader (khan) united
them- his name was
Temjujin
• He became the
“universal ruler,” or
Genghis Khan
THE MONGOL CONQUEST
Genghis Khan organized a Mongol army that brutally
terrorized, massacred entire villages, and conquered
the areas of most of Asia and western Europe
In 1211 he turned his attention towards China- by his
death in 1227, Genghis Khan controlled all of northern
China
THE YUAN DYNASTY
In 1279, Genghis Khan’s
grandson, Kublai Khan
conquered the rest of
China and declared
himself Emperor of
China-Beginning the Yuan
Dynasty
This Mongol Ascendancy
is the first time China has
been ruled by foreigners
LIFE IN YUAN CHINA
Mongol leaders had different customs from the Chinese natives
The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners; they saw the as
rude and uncivilized
Heavy taxes were placed on the Chinese to pay for public work
projects; such as expansion of the Great Canal, roads, and
palaces
Mongols prohibited Confucian scholars from gaining too much
power in the government
LIFE IN YUAN CHINA
Mongol soldiers were
sent throughout the
empire to keep the
peace and watch the
Chinese
They also opened
China’s ports to
foreign trade; with
some traders
receiving special
privileges
Market place where foreign
goods were sold
MARCO POLO
Much of what is
known about the Yuan
comes from the Italian
merchant’s experiences
as he traded around
the world between
1271-1295
He wrote about his
travels in China- his
descriptions sparked
European interest in
China
THE END OF THE YUAN DYNASTY
The Mongols were not satisfied with only conquering
the Chinese lands- they wanted Japan as well
In 1274 and again in 1281, they sailed out to attack
Japan-but both times were disastrous
These failed attempts weakened the Mongol military &
over extended public works crippled the economy
These weakness lead to a Chinese rebellion to
overthrow the Mongols
Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran
1219 to
1221Mongol
Empire
It is a failure for Mongol to trade and keep
diplomatic relations
It is the beginning of Mongolian's "western
conquering"
The Khwarezmid Empire
was utterly destroyed.
Almost 30 cities were
added to the Mongol
Empire
THE MING DYNASTY: 13681644
Founded by Hong-Wu, a former beggar and
Buddhist monk, who led the Red Turbans to
victory driving the Mongols
Restored native Chinese rule
Restored Confucianism and the government
examination system as central to his
administration
EMPEROR YONGLO
(ZHU DI)
EMPEROR YONGLO 1403-1424
Hired Admiral Zheng He to lead a series of
seven voyages: travelled to Southeast Asia,
India, Arabia, and East Africa
Greatly expanded Chinese influence –
treasure fleet was intended to represent the
magnificence of China
After Yonglo, China no longer sponsored
foreign expeditions
EMPEROR YONGLO
AND BEIJING
Moved the capital to Beijing in the North –
better able to secure China’s borders and
watch for an invasion from the Mongols and
Manchus
Built Beijing’s Forbidden City to house his
palace and government buildings – closed to
all commoners and foreigners
Continued to support the extension of the
Great wall as a barrier against the nomadic
tribes in the North
BEIJING’S FORBIDDEN CITY
GREAT WALL
Mongols continued to represent a serious
threat to China’s stability
Ming emperor greatly expanded a wall begun
in the third century B.C. – the Great Wall of
China to its final form being extended more
than 600 miles
Large workforce and army required
Great Wall: successful at preventing major
Mongol invasions in the 1500s
MING RELATIONS WITH
FOREIGNERS
Only the government allowed to conduct foreign trade (merchants
smuggled goods out of country though)
Europeans used their New World silver to buy silk, ceramics, and
other exotic goods
Jesuit missionaries arrived to spread Christianity
Confucian beliefs: agriculture is key to orderly society –
government does not focus on manufacturing
Merchants were at the bottom of society – seen as supporting
foreigners and robbery
China becomes isolationist – the Dutch are the only Europeans
allowed into Chinese ports – Dutch closely follow Chinese rules
CHINA UNDER THE MING
The Ming eliminated
foreign influences
from Chinese society
As a result, China’s
government and
relationship with
other countries
changed drastically
MING CHINA’S DECLINE
Imperial extravagance & neglect
Famine strikes in the 1630s --- peasants revolt
Later emperors stopped consulting government officials
Navy became ineffective --- leading to piracy
Beijing falls in 1644 to Manchus
Last Ming emperor commits ritual suicide
Treasure voyages
鄭和下西洋
Zheng He Xia Xiyang
• The seven Ming-era maritime voyages of the
treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433.
• Established imperial control over the maritime
trade
• Forced foreign countries into compliance within
the tributary system
• Responded to another power across Asia,
namely the Timurid state of Tamerlane, an
enemy of Ming China
Treasure voyages
鄭和下西洋
Zheng He Xia Xiyang
• Impact
1. Diplomacy
-pacified under the threat of an overwhelming
military force
2. Commerce
-resulted in a flourishing Ming economy
3. Navigation
-acquired and collected a large amount of
navigational data
THE QING DYNASTY (MANCHU)
Seized Korea and Mongolia in the 1620s and 1630s
Ruled China from 1644 until it was replaced by the
Chinese Republic in 1911
Basis for Manchu power: 1. Military strength and 2.
The corrupt, ineffective Ming government (many
Ming generals and bureaucrats deserted to the
Manchu)
Unified Manchu Tribes
Issued law code
LONG REIGN OF KANXI(16611722)
QING & CULTURAL BLENDING: KANGXI ADOPTS
CHINESE CULTURE
Strong and effective leadership kept tensions low
Qing
Rulers looked after peoples welfare and
promoted agriculture
Emperors studied and understood Confucianism
Patronized Confucian schools and academies—
opened a national library and created
encyclopedia of Chinese history and thought
THE REIGN OF QIANLONG
(1736-1794)
QIANLONG’S SUCCESSFUL RULE
Learned emperor who supported economic strength--participation in global trade brings wealth and eventual
change to China
Economy—strong enough to cancel tax collection 4
times!
Agricultural production increased—new fertilizers,
irrigation techniques, New World crops (e.g. sweet
potatoes)----increased population
Qing Dynasty’s decline comes in the late 19 th century-partly caused by pressure from Great Britain to open
China’s ports
THE DECLINE OF QING DYNASTY: 1750
Numerous military campaigns
Corruption and extravagance
Growing population 450 million
Incompetent government
Crime and banditry
Rising population
Opium War
鴉片戰爭
• Background
1. The West countries-Industrial Revolution
2. China-Heavenly Nation (closed-door policy)
3. Reverse the trade deficit- The U.K. input Opium
to China
• March 1839 –August 1842( Frist Opium War)
• British victory, Treaty of Nanking
Opium War
鴉片戰爭
• Impact
1. Forced China to open the door
2. Promoted the development of the Chinese
business
3. Brought modern civilization and technology
4. Ceded Hong Kong Island
The Summer Palace 頤和園
(1) World Heritage Site
-Beijing
-A masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design.
(2) Description
-As summer resort for Empress Dowager Cixi.
(3) Influence
-In 1860 the British and French burned the palace down
at the end of the Second Opium War.
-In 1900 the eight allied powers burned and mostly
destroyed the garden.
→Many of the Palace's artefacts were divided.
The Great Wall of China 長城
(1) World Heritage Site
- Northern China
- The world's largest military structure.
(2) Description
-Consists of numerous walls and fortifications
-Originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 B.C.)
-Constructed mainly during the mighty Ming dynasty (1368-1644 A.C.)
(3) Functions
-Prevented incursions from barbarian nomads into the Chinese Empire
-The control of border.
-The control of immigration and emigration
-The powerful symbol of the country’s enduring strength.
The Forbidden City 紫禁城
(1)World Heritage Site
-Beijing
-The largest collection of preserved ancient wooden
structures in the world.
✽ 980 surviving buildings
✽ With 9,999 rooms
✽ A rectangle, with 961 metres (3,153 ft) from north
to south and 753 metres (2,470 ft) from east to west.
(2) Description
- The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to
the end of the Qing dynasty
(3) Nowadays-The Palace Museum
-whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts.
T
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