Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Pharmacy Technician*s Course. LaGuardia Community College
Document related concepts
Transcript
Terminology and Abbreviations Every profession has its own unique language. In the world of finance, accounting and equity market, analysts look at P & L statements, statements of cash flow, accounts receivables, etc. The medical professions have their own unique language. These terms are usually combinations of prefixes, root words, and suffixes. The terms have their roots in Greek and Latin. Some idea of Greek/Latin will help you in figuring out this complex world of medical terminology. Prefix A word that when attached to the beginning of a root word modifies it in someway. i.e. Bio means “life” from the Greek word bios (βίος) If you add this to logy meaning “study of” from the Greek logos (λόγος) you get biology meaning “study of life” i.e. geront0 means “old” from the Greek word, γέρων (geront) meaning old man and you add this to logy you get gerontology, meaning the study of the social, physiologically and mental aspects of aging. Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that studies disease in elderly people. A harder one: glio means “gluey” in Greek and glial cells in the brain refers to cells that support other cells in the brain. Blasto comes from a Greek word meaning “sprouting” and refers in science to a developing cell. When this two prefixes are added to “oma” (typically refers to cancer cells) you have the word glioblastoma meaning a cancer of young glial cells in the brain and is the most highly malignant type of brain cancer. Important Prefixes for pharmacy (other listed in text book) “an” means without/ example: anesthesia “ante” means before/example: anterior “anti” means inhibit/example: antibiotic “brady” means slow/ example:bradycardia, slow heart rate “Contra” means against/ contraindicated “dys” means abnormal/ dysmorphic, abnormal shape “hyper” means too much/ hyperkalemia, too much potassium “hypo” means too little/ hypokalemia, too little potassium in the blood “Intra” means within/ intradermal (within the skin), intervenous (within a vein) “micro” means very small or can mean (1 per 1,000,000) in the metric system/ microscope or in the metric system , microgram (one millionth of a gram) “neo” means new/ neonate is a newly born baby. “poly” means too many/ polypharmacy is used to mean the practice of prescribing to many medications for the same purpose. “Sub” means below/ sublingual means below the tongue. Subcutaneous means below the skin Tachy means fast/Tachycardia is a rapid heart rate Important root words in Pharmacy ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE Arter Artery Arterial Arthr Joint Arthritis Bronch Airway in the lung Bronchitis Carcino Cancer Carcinogen Cardi Heart Cardiac Derma Skin Dermatits Enter Intestine Enteral nutrition Gastr Stomach Gastric pain Gluco Sugar Glucose meter Hemo Blood Hematology Important Root words in Pharmacy continued ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE Hepat Liver Hepatitis My Muscle Myalgia Nasa Nose Nasal Nephr Kidney Nephrology Neur Nerve Neurology Oste Bone Osteoporosis Pneu Lung pneumonia Procto Rectum Proctotitis Pulmo Lung Pulmonary Ren Kidney Renal Thromb Clot thrombosis Suffix A suffix is a word that is added at the end of a root word to indicate or qualify its meaning. For example, arthr (joint) plus itis yields the word arthritis which meaning inflammation of a joint. Important Pharmacy related suffixes SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE Ac Pertaining to Cardiac Al Pertaining to Renal Algia Pain Myalgia Ase Enzyme Protease Cyte Cell Hepatocyte Ectomy Surgical removal Hysterectomy Emia Blood condition hyperkalemia Itis Inflammation Hepatitis Logy Study of Cardiology Rrhea Flowing discharge Diarrhea, rhinorrhea Uro Urine Urology There are literally hundred of root words and prefixes and suffixes. These list is not all inclusive by any means. It is based on my experience on what is important to know A medical dictionary is key to have and to review on a regular basis Learning or knowing different languages always helps General Pharmacy Abbreviations Meaning Abbreviation Adverse drug reaction ADR Average wholesale price AWP Controlled release CR Discontinue DC Dispense as written DAW Drug utilization review DUR Enteric coated EC Extended release ER Fluid Fl. Maximum allowable cost MAC No known drug allergies NKDA Nothing by mouth NPO General Pharmacy Abbreviations Table 2 MEANING ABBREVIATION Over the counter OTC Pediatric Ped Prescription Rx Schedule 1 CI Schedule 2 CII Schedule 3 CIII Schedule 4 CIV Schedule 5 CV Solution Soln Suppository Supp Wholesame acquisition cost WAC Pharmacy SIG codes SIG is the part of the prescription that includes the directions for use. SIG is short for the Latin signetur “let it be written” You will see on an Rx (remember this abbreviation?) Sig: 1 tab qd po HS Qnty: 30 Refills: 1 This means “take one tablet very day by mouth at bedtime” dispense 30 tablets and give one refill We will cover this list in class. Dangers of SIG codes and medical abbreviation in general The Institute of Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) publishes a list of unsafe medication codes whether SIG codes or other codes for which many hospitals and institutions adhere to in the goal of preventing medication related errors. The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare organization (JCAHO) also in collaboration with the ISMP publishes a minimum Don’t abbreviate List (Do not use list)that healthcare organization must include. We will cover this list in class in our discussion. Both the ISMP and JCAHO’s do not use list apply to all health related communication between healthcare practitioners. This means that in addition to drug orders, these abbreviation are not to be used anywhere in a patient’s chart, documentation or reports. The institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1999 published a report stating that between 44,000 and 96,000 deaths each year happen due to medical error, many because of unclear abbreviations and codes Case in point In 2001, a case was report to the FDA via medwatch, see article, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/MedicationErrors/UCM080654 The case involved an infant transferred from an obstetrics unit to a nursery for well babies with an order for DTO 0.7 ml PO q4h. The pharmacist in the case recognized the order as deodorized tincture of opium USP, which has a concentration of 60 mg/ml morphine. The prescribed dose translates into give 0.7 ml (42 mg) by mouth every four hours. This dose is 252 mg per day of morphine, a dose that can kill or send a newborn baby to the hospital for respiratory arrest. The pharmacist verified the order as diluted tincture of opium which is 25 fold dilution of the original drug. The actual dose is 0.7 ml(1.6 mg) by mouth every four hours. How to report medication errors Both patients and healthcare providers can report errors involving medications to the ISMP through its website, www.ismp.org. Click onto the MERP, medication error reporting program. United States Pharmacopeia, www.medmarx.com collects medication errors and adverse events data. Milan’s List of Must Know Drugs BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION ACTIVASE® ALTEPLASE PULMONARY EMBOLISM ACCUPRIL® QUINAPRIL HYPERTENSION ACTONEL® RISEDRONATE OSTEOPOROSIS ADENOCARD® ADENOSINE RAPID HEART RATE ALDACTONE® SPIRONOLACTONE HYPERTENSION ALLEGRA® FEXOFENADINE ALLERGIES ALTACE® RAMIPRIL HTN(?), HEART DISEASE BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION AMARYL® GLIMEPIRIDE DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) AMBIEN® ZOLPIDEM INSOMNIA AMIKIN ® AMIKACIN SULFATE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AMOXIL ® AMOXICILLIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS KEFZOL® CEFAZOLIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS APRESOLINE® HYDRALAZINE HYPERTENSION (HTN) ARICEPT® DONEPEZIL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION ASTRAMORPH PF® MORPHINE SULFATE POST OP PAIN, EPIDURAL ANALGESIA ATACAND ® CANDESARTAN HTN ATARAX® HYDROXYZINE ALLERGIES ATIVAN ® LORAZEPAM ANXIETY ATROVENT® IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE COPD, ASTHMA AUGMENTIN ® AMOXICILLIN/CLAVUL ANATE, POTASSIUM BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AVAPRO ® IRBESARTAN HTN BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION BENADRYL® DIPHENHYDRAMINE INSOMNIA, ALLERGY BIAXIN® CLARITHROMYCIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BUSPAR® BUSPIRONE DEPRESSION CALAN® VERAPAMIL HCL HTN, RAPID HEART RATE CAPOTEN® CAPTOPRIL HTN, CARDIAC HEART FAILURE CARBATROL® CARBAMAZEPINE SEIZURES CARDIZEM® DILTIAZEM HTN, RAPID HEART RATE BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION CATAPRES® CLONIDINE HTN CEFTIN® CEFUROXIME BACTERIAL INFECTIONS CELEBREX® CELECOXCIB RA CELEXA® CITALOPRAM DEPRESSION CIPRO® CIPROFLOXACIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS CLARITIN® LORATIDINE SESSIONAL ALLERGIES CLEOCIN® CLINDAMYCIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION COMBIVENT® ALBUTEROL/IPRATROP IUM COPD COMBIVIR® ZIDOVUDINE/LAMIVU DINE HIV CORDARONE AMIODARONE CARDIAC ARRTHYMIAS COUMADIN® WARFARIN BLOOD CLOTTING CRIXIVAN® INDINAVIR MESYLATE HIV DEPAKOTE® DIVALPROEX SODIUM SEIZURES DIABETA® GLYBURIDE DM BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION DIFFERIN® ADAPALENE ACNE DIFLUCAN® FLUCONAZOLE FUNGAL INFECTION DIGITEK® OR LANOXIN® DIGOXIN HEART FAILURE DILANTIN® PHENYTOIN SODIUM SEIZURES DILAUDID ®CII HYDROMORPHONE HCL PAIN DIOVAN® VALSARTAN HTN DOBUTREX® DOBUTAMINE HEART FAILURE, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION EFFEXOR® VENLAFAXINE DEPRESSION E-MYCIN® ERY-TAB® ERYTHROMYCIN BASE BACTERIAL INFECTION FEOSOL ® FERROUS SULFATE IRON DEFFICIENCY FIORICET® BUTALBITAL, CAFFEINE PAIN AND ACETAMINOPEN FIORINAL® BUTALBITAL, CAFFEINE PAIN AND ASPIRIN FLAGYL®, METROGEL® METRONIDAZOLE PROTOZOAN INFECTION FOSAMAX® ALENDRONATE OSTEOPOROSIS BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION FUNGIZONE® AMPHOTERICIN B SEVERE FUNGAL INFECTIONS FURADANTIN® NITROFURANTOIN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS GAMMAGARD® INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBIN BLOOD DISORDERS GLUCOPHAGE® METFORMIN DMII GLUCOTROL® GLIPIZIDE DMII HALDOL® HALOPERIDOL SCHIZOPRENIA, TRANQUILIZER HUMALOG® HUMAN INSULIN LISPRO DMI AND DMII BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION HYDRODIURIL®, Esidrix® HYDROCHLOROTHIAZI DE HTN IMODIUM® LOPERAMIDE DIARRHEA INDERAL® PROPRANOLOL HTN, CARDIAC FAILURE IMDUR® ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE CARDIAC PAIN (ANGINA) INTROPIN® DOPAMINE HCL LOW BLOOD PRESSURE ISOSORDIL® ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE ANGINA KAYEXELATE® SODIUM POLYSTRENE SULFONATE HYPERKALEMIA BRAND DRUG GENERIC NAME MOST COMMON INDICATION KEFLEX® CEPHALEXIN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS LASIX ® FUROSEMIDE HEART FAILURE, EDEMA LIPITOR® ATORVASTATIN HIGH CHOLESTEROL LOPRESSOR® METOPROLOL TARTARATE HTN, CARDIAC FAILURE LOVENOX ® ENOXAPARIN DVT, PE, AND MI MAALOX® ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE GASTROINTESTINAL UPSET/ACID REFLUX MARCAIN® BUPIVACAINE HCL LOCAL ANESTHETIC I will add to this list as time goes on Most commonly abbreviated medical conditions you will see Medical Conditions Abbreviation Common meaning Myocardial Infarction MI Heart attack Congestive Heart failure CHF Heart muscle is dying Afib Atrial fibrillation A cardiac heart beat that is fast and abnormal Ventricular Fibrillation VF A cardiac heart beat that is fast and almost always fatal Cerebral Vascular Accident CVA Stroke/loss of blood flow to brain Diabetes Mellitus DM A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism Hypertension HTN High blood pressure Medical Conditions Abbreviation Common meaning CABG Coronary artery bypass graft Surgery to re-establish blood flow to the heart ATN Acute tubular necrosis A disorder of the kidney RA Rheumatoid Arthritis A joint disease that effects older people RI Renal Insufficiency Poorly functioning kidneys PE Pulmonary Embolism A blood clot that travels to the lung DVT Deep vein Thrombosis A blood clot in the leg that often travel to the lung Not an all inclusive but include very common conditions Medications commonly abbreviated The following medications are commonly abbreviated in the field Joint Commission and the ISMP however have established guidelines to reduce the use of such shortcuts. Medication Abbreviations Abbreviation Drug Indication ASA Aspirin Pain, post MI use APAP Acetaminophen Pain, fever reducer in children 5FU Flurouracil Anti cancer drug SMX/TMP Sulfamethoxazole/trimeth oprim Antibiotic HCTZ Hydrochlorothiazide diuretic INH Isoniazid Anti-TB (tuberculosis) drug 6-MP 6 mercaptopurine Immune suppressant Medication Abbreviations Abbreviation Drug Indication NTG Nitroglycerin Chest pain (angina) SSKI Super saturated potassium iodide Hyperthyroidism T4 Levothyroxine (synthroid®) hyperthyroidism KCL Potassium chloride Potassium deficiency MgSO4 Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium deficiency MSO4 Morphine sulfate Pain killer PCN Penicillin antibiotic Medication Abbreviations Abbreviation Drug Indication AZT Zidovidune HIV NS Normal Saline IV fluid D5W Dextrose 5% in water IV fluid D5WNS Dextrose 5% in water with normal saline IV fluid MVI Multiple vitamins Vitamin replacement ISDN Isosorbide dinitrate Chest pain MTX Methotrexate Cancer drug Major Class of Drugs Beta Blockers Class of drugs used to treat HTN, CHF, MI Slow down the rate at which the heart beats Very important class to known Examples: propranolol (Inderal®), Metoprolol (Lopressor®, Toprol XL®) Usually generic name ends in “lol” Calcium Channel Blockers Important drugs for HTN and for Afib Blocks the inflow of calcium in the heart Effects is to slow down the heart and to relax artery muscles Examples: verapamil (Calan®), diltiazem (Cardizem®), amlodipine (Norvasc®) ACE inhibitors Used to treat HTN, CHF, MI and to stop the progression of kidney damage in DM. Blocks the conversion of a inactive hormone to an active one in the blood Example: Enalapril (Vasotec®), lisinopril (Prinivil®), ramipril (Altace®), and captopril (capoten®) Usually ends in “pril” I will add to this list as we proceed in the class
