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Chapter Four:
Socialization
What is Human
Nature?
Nature
Nurture






Heredity
Inborn
Genetic code for behavior
Social environment
Social interaction
Behaviors are learned
Controversy surrounding this question

Heredity or Environment?
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Identical Twins

Adriana and Tamara

Jack and Oskar
Socialization
What is Human
Nature?
Sociobiology
Who we are and what we do is influenced
by the following:
 Genetic traits and characteristics


Environment
What we learn in interaction with
others.
Socialization
Feral Children
 Children found in the wilderness
 “The Wild Boy of Aveyron, France” 1798
Isolated Children
 A child who has had no contact with the outside
world or no social interaction with others.
 Anna was found in early 1940’s locked in the
attic
 Isabelle discovered in Ohio in 1938
Socialization
Skeels & Dye Experiment
Experimental Group
Control Group
 13 infant whose mental
 12 infants remained in the
retardation was very obvious
orphanage
and no one wanted to adopt  These children were also
them.
retarded, but they were
 2 ½ years later
considered to have higher
intelligence
 Gained an average of 28 IQ
points
 2 ½ years later
 20 years later
 Lost 30 IQ points

20 years later
Socialization
In Sum…
...Society Makes Us Human
 High intelligence depends on early, close relations with other
humans
SOCIALIZATION
 A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes,
values, beliefs and norms of our culture and develop a sense
of self.
6
Socialization
Institutionalized Children
 1930’s Research on Orphanages
 Low IQs
 It was believed that children were born mentally retarded
 Skeels & Dye (psychologists) believed there
are social causes that led to mental retardation
 Use Experimental Design to test theory
Socialization
Socialization
Mead and Role Taking
(Socialization Process)
 Children go through three stages in the development of
the self
 The process by which children learn to take the role of
the other
 Significant Others
 Generalized Others
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Socialization
After age 6 or 7
Age 3 to 6
Under age 3
Socialization

Children go through a natural process as they learn how to
reason
Piaget’s Cognitive Development
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sensorimotor From birth to about age 2
Preoperational
Age 2 to 7
Concrete Operational Age 7 to 12
Formal Operational After the age 12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yhXjJVFA14
Socialization
Kohlberg’s
Moral Development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Socialization
Personality consist of three elements
1. Each child is born with id
2. Superego
3. Ego

The struggle between the Id and Superego
Socialization

Every society has institutionalized ways of
carrying out the process of socialization
 Those groups and institutions that both informally
an formally take on the task of socialization
Socialization
Socialization
Gender
Messages
 Gender Messages in the Family
 The Peer Group
 Gender Messages in the Mass Media
 Television and Movies
 Video Games
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Socialization
Are We Prisoners of
Socialization?
 Sociologists Do Not Think So
 Socialization is Powerful, but the Self is
Dynamic
 Individuals Are Actively Involved in the
Construction of the Self
17
Socialization