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Chapter Four: Socialization What is Human Nature? Nature Nurture Heredity Inborn Genetic code for behavior Social environment Social interaction Behaviors are learned Controversy surrounding this question Heredity or Environment? Identical Twins Adriana and Tamara Jack and Oskar Socialization What is Human Nature? Sociobiology Who we are and what we do is influenced by the following: Genetic traits and characteristics Environment What we learn in interaction with others. Socialization Feral Children Children found in the wilderness “The Wild Boy of Aveyron, France” 1798 Isolated Children A child who has had no contact with the outside world or no social interaction with others. Anna was found in early 1940’s locked in the attic Isabelle discovered in Ohio in 1938 Socialization Skeels & Dye Experiment Experimental Group Control Group 13 infant whose mental 12 infants remained in the retardation was very obvious orphanage and no one wanted to adopt These children were also them. retarded, but they were 2 ½ years later considered to have higher intelligence Gained an average of 28 IQ points 2 ½ years later 20 years later Lost 30 IQ points 20 years later Socialization In Sum… ...Society Makes Us Human High intelligence depends on early, close relations with other humans SOCIALIZATION A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self. 6 Socialization Institutionalized Children 1930’s Research on Orphanages Low IQs It was believed that children were born mentally retarded Skeels & Dye (psychologists) believed there are social causes that led to mental retardation Use Experimental Design to test theory Socialization Socialization Mead and Role Taking (Socialization Process) Children go through three stages in the development of the self The process by which children learn to take the role of the other Significant Others Generalized Others 9 Socialization After age 6 or 7 Age 3 to 6 Under age 3 Socialization Children go through a natural process as they learn how to reason Piaget’s Cognitive Development 1. 2. 3. 4. Sensorimotor From birth to about age 2 Preoperational Age 2 to 7 Concrete Operational Age 7 to 12 Formal Operational After the age 12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yhXjJVFA14 Socialization Kohlberg’s Moral Development 1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional Socialization Personality consist of three elements 1. Each child is born with id 2. Superego 3. Ego The struggle between the Id and Superego Socialization Every society has institutionalized ways of carrying out the process of socialization Those groups and institutions that both informally an formally take on the task of socialization Socialization Socialization Gender Messages Gender Messages in the Family The Peer Group Gender Messages in the Mass Media Television and Movies Video Games 16 Socialization Are We Prisoners of Socialization? Sociologists Do Not Think So Socialization is Powerful, but the Self is Dynamic Individuals Are Actively Involved in the Construction of the Self 17 Socialization