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Concept of sociology Micro and
Macro level
Ramesh kumar
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There are two basic level of :
Level of
sociology
–.
Micro level
Families
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Education
Macro level
Economy
Ramesh kumar
Government
structure
Religious
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FAMILY
Definition Family:
• It is a group of people of blood related or
adopted relative members.
• It is a basic & oldest social institution
and position in our society
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Types of Functions
Function of Family
• Rearing
• Reproduction
• To ensure that new babies actually survive to become adult
members of that society.
• To regulate sexual activity
• To ensure that children are satisfactorily socialized into the
norms and values of society.
• To provide economic support for other family members
• To satisfy our emotional needs for love and security.
• To provide us with a sense of place
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Types of Functions
Types of Family:
By Structure:
• Nuclear Family (Father + Mother + children)
• Extended Family (Father + Mother + children +
unmarried relatives of wife or husband)
• Joint Family (Father + Mother + children + married
relatives of wife or husband)
• Single parent family (father or mother + children)
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Types of Functions
By Location:
• Patrilocal : (Family is residing near the
Husband’s Relatives)
• Matrilocal (Family is residing near the wife’s
Relatives)
• Neolocal ((Family is residing nor husband
neither wife but new place )
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Types of Functions
By Head of Family:
• Patrichial (Family is headed by husband)
• Matrichial (family is headed by wife)
• Bichial (Family is headed by both partner
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Education
2. Education:
• A formal process in which knowledge,
skills, and values are systematically
transmitted from one individual or group
to another.
• Key Questions
• How do educational practices vary across
different societies and historical periods?
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Education
• How does education affect individuals’
subsequent activities and achievements?
• What are the effects of class, race, and gender
on educational institutions and experiences?
• What are the causes and consequences of
various trends in education, such as grade
inflation, violence in schools, and increasing
public funding of religious instruction?
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Social Institution: Education
Functions:
• Marx: Education serves the capitalist order by
producing skilled workers with habits such as
punctuality and respect for authority.
• Functionalist theory: Functions of education include
transmitting shared values and beliefs, transmitting
specific knowledge and skills, sorting individuals
based on skill, and establishing social control over
youths.
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Social Institution: Education
• Conflict theory: Educational tracking systems
and other differential treatment of students
reinforce social inequalities.
• Symbolic
interactionism:
Face-to-face
interactions in the classroom can have longrange consequences for students’ educational
achievements
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Social Institution: Religion
3. Religion:
A unified system of beliefs and practices pertaining to the supernatural
and to norms about the right way to live that is shared by a group of
believers. Sociologists treat religion as a social rather than supernatural
phenomenon.
Key Questions
• How do the world religions differ? How are they similar?
• How have religions developed and changed, and why do people engage
with them?
• What is the relationship between religion and other aspects of social life
such as stratification, deviance, and conflict?
• What are the causes and consequences of contemporary trends such as
secularization, the splintering of religious groups, and shifting church–
state relationships?
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Social Institution: Religion
Functions of Religion:
• Marx: Religion is the “opium of the people”—it
masks domination and diverts workers from rebelling
against exploitation.
• Weber: Classified religions by their approach to
salvation: Ascetic religions require active selfmastery; mystical religions require passive
contemplation.
– Other-worldly religions require focus on the next life (e.g.,
heaven); this-worldly religions require focus on earthly life.
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10 Benefits of Religion
1. Friendship: Friendship is a vital element of any
religion. Congregation members can make wonderful
and lasting friendships that can last a lifetime. The
church, Mosque is a place to meet others that share
your beliefs giving you a strong platform to build a
friendship on.
2. Spiritual Growth Your beliefs will be strengthened
and confirmed. You will explore your spirituality and
from that can come personal growth. Your faith can
help you find answers to those difficult questions
and help you better understand your purpose in this
world. Spiritual growth is a very personal adventure.
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10 Benefits of Religion
3. Mental Health Religion has been show to improve a
person’s mental well being. Their belief system is
reinforced and the interaction with other
congregational members is very beneficial to one
overall mental health.
4. Physical Health we have all read and heard about
cases where a person’s physical well being has been
improved by their religious beliefs. There are many
documented cases where person’s beliefs have been
the reason for their ability to fight a disease and
become healthy again or to overcome obstacles and
challenges relating to their health.
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10 Benefits of Religion
5. Community Religion builds community as individuals
share their faith with other brothers and sisters of
their religion. Social gatherings and meeting
encourage a community to grow and prosper within
the faith.
6. Creative Expression Religion also builds creativity and
artistic skills through music and prayer.
Congregational members are also able to increase
their skill by participating in the choir or helping
decorate the hall for a celebration.
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10 Benefits of Religion
7. A Break Attending church sets a recognizable break
away from work, family issues, and self fulfilling
issues. It’s a time out period that is dedicated to
concentrating on the Lord.
8. Consoling Many people have found help for
loneliness and grief in religion. In fact many have
been known to turn to religion after the loss of a
partner or loved one. In times of sadness and
loneliness the church congregation and religion can
be very consoling to a person.
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10 Benefits of Religion
9. Strength The faith in ones religion can give a person
the strength to carry on, to struggle through
obstacles and become a stronger and better person
from the experience.
10. Life changing for some finding faith can be life
changing. We’ve all heard of criminals that found
God and turned their lives around to become a
productive member in society.
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10 Benefits of Religion
• Religion is a very personal choice. Each religion has
their own belief system but each religion has its ties
to a higher power or God. Many religions play a large
role in helping humanity as a whole. Offering
counseling services, providing food and shelter for
the poor, helping people in what ever capacity they
can.
• No matter what faith you are the underlying belief is
for the betterment of man kind.
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Social Institution: Economics
4. Economic Institutions:
• Sociologists understand the economy as the set of arrangements by which
a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other
resources.
Key Questions
• What institutions and relations characterize different economic systems
(e.g., capitalism, socialism, and feudalism)?
• How do consumption and leisure patterns differ among various cultures,
historical periods, and social groups?
• How do the structures of business organizations affect productivity, job
satisfaction, and inequalities?
• What are the causes and consequences of contemporary trends such as
economic liberalization, declining unionization, and increased consumer
debt?
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Social Institution: Economics
Functions:
• Marl Marx Said: Economic organization (the means
and relations of production) determines the major
features of any society.
• Functionalist theory: Functions of economic
institutions include: production and distribution of
goods, assignment of individuals to different social
roles such as occupations.
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Social Institution: Political Institution
5. Political Institutions:
• Institutions that pertain to the governance of
a society, its formal distribution of authority,
its use of force, and its relationships to other
societies and political units. The state, an
important political institution in modern
societies, is the apparatus of governance over
a particular territory.
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Social Institution: Political Institution
Key Questions
• How do political institutions differ across historical
periods and societies?
• How do different social groups participate in political
institutions, and with what consequences?
• How and why do individuals participate in political
processes such as voting or joining lobbying groups?
• How are political institutions related to other aspects
of society, such as the economy and the mass
media?
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Social Institution: Political Institution
Functions:
• Weber Said: Defines the state as an authority that maintains a monopoly
on the use of violence in its territory.
• Functionalist theory: Functions of political institutions include protection
from external enemies, resolving group conflicts, defining societal goals,
and strengthening group identity and norms. Pluralism, a particularly
functional type of political institution, entails distribution of power among
many groups so no one group can gain control.
• Conflict theory: Pluralism and democracy are illusions that invite the
powerless to believe that they have a voice in governance, when in fact
their control is quite limited.
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IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY FOR NURSES
• By studying the sociology, she will be:
• She will be able to give cultural-sensitive care.
• She will be able to serve food or meal to patient
according his culture and religious values.
• She will not impose her/his values and beliefs on
patients
• She will not violate social values of the area where
she serves
• She will be able to understand the relationship of
disease and culture
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IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY FOR NURSES
• She will be able to differentiate the Myths & Reality
in Health.
• She will be mixed and socialized among local people
or population of the area where she is serving.
• She will not criticize the other’s values and norms
• She will be able to understand the effects or
relationship of way of living with diseases.
• She will be able to understand the distribution and
social determinants of disease in different population
and location.
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