Download Soc.2 CH.9 update2014

Chapter 9
Inequalities of Gender and Sexual
Orientation
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Problem in Sociological Perspective
• Sex is the major sorting device in
every society in the world.
• Women as a minority group
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Scope of the Problem
• Is male dominance universal?
• Not all sociologist accept the conclusion
that male dominance is universal
• The Sexual Stratification of Work
 Most work is sex-typed
• George Murdock reviewed
anthopologists’ research
 Universally, men’s activities are
always given greater prestige.
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Areas of Discrimination
• Political and legal
• Education
• Economic
• Social
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Symbolic Interactionism
• Difference between sex and gender
• Socialization into gender roles
 Sex is a master trait
• Interpreting Classic Research
• The Dominant Symbolic
Interaction Position
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Functionalism
Two theories of male dominance
• Rewards for warriors
•
 Social
 Biological
Reproduction
 Throughout history, a woman has been encumbered
physically—unable to participate fully in the labor market
 Division of Labor
 Ultimate result was a patriarchal society
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Conflict Theory
1. Power yields privilege.
2. Privilege leads to feeling superior.
3. Use ideologies to justify position.
4. Use social institutions to maintain power.
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Struggle for Equality
• 1800s, almost every woman was under the legal
control of a man, either a father or a husband
• Women’s Early Movement
 Suffragists
• Glass Ceiling
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Research Findings
• Are there natural differences between the
sexes?
 Studies on Children
 SAT: Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)
 Aggression (Machismo)
• The study of Vietnam Veterans
• Reconciling the Findings
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Everyday Life
• Masculinity and machismo represent strength
while femininity is perceived as weakness.
• Derogatory feminine terms
Education
• Gender tracking
• A Man’s World
• Completing the Doctorate
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Mass Media
Children’s Books
• Help to shape gender roles
• 1970’s Children Literature
• Books today
• Gender stereotype continues to linger in children’s
books
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
• Television
 Children programs
 Adult TV & movies
• Music
 Boys learn to dominate male–female
relationships
 Lyrics instruct girls to be sexy,
passive, and dependent
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
• Advertising
 Television advertising continues to reinforce
stereotypical gender roles.
 Use of the female body—especially exposed
breasts—to sell products continues.
• Mass media influences us
 Shapes society’s expectations
 Parents changing how they socialize their
children
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The World of Politics
• The current situation
 Women underrepresented in political
decision making
• Why don’t women dominate politics?
 About 7 to 8 million more women than men
are of voting age
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
• Dominance is masculine; politics is a form of dominance;
therefore, politics is masculine.
 Perception imposes severe restraints on women’s recruitment,
participation, and performance in politics.
• The power of sex roles
• Restrictive patterns changing
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The World of Work
• The historical pattern
 Labor force participation rate
• The gender pay gap
 The women average only 72% of what
the men make
• Reasons for the Gender Gap
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Sexual Harassment
•
•
•
•
•
A Personal Problem: Just Individuals
A Social Problem: Feminists and Relative
Power
Sexual Harassment as an Evolving Term
Difficult Choices
Not Just a Woman’s Problem
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
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Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Homosexuality
• Homosexual behavior
 Sexual relations between people of the same
sex
• Homosexuality
 Sexual orientation involving an attraction or
preference for people of one’s own sex
• Attitudes in the United States
• Legal Changes
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Homosexuality and Conflict Theory
• Overt discrimination
 Differential treatment that is open and
observable
• Same-sex marriage (SSM)
 Legally sanctioned marriage of two same-sex
people
• Domestic partnership or civil union
 Not a legal marriage
• Defense of Marriage Act
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Research On Homosexuality
• The Kinsey Research
 Sample was biased and findings no longer
trusted
• The Laumann Research
 2.2% of women and 4.1% of men in the United
States had had sex with a same-sex partner
 Narrative data
 Unstructured data that tells a story
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
• The Humphreys Research
 Devised ingenious but, widely criticized research method
 “Tea-rooms”
• Situational homosexual behavior: the prison
 Refers to homosexual acts committed by people who, if
members of the opposite sex were available, would
choose to be involved in heterosexual relations
• Homosexuality is a social problem because of
subjective concerns.
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Violence Against Women
• Rape and murder
• Gendered violence
 In U.S., women are disproportionately victims of
spousal abuse and rape
• Honor Killings
• Applying the conflict and feminist perspective
 Understand violence against women if viewed
as an expression of power
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Symbolic Interactionism and Violence
Against Women
• Sociologists also use symbolic interactionism to
understand gendered violence
• In American culture, men learn machismo
• Males are surrounded with models of violence
Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved