Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction The Life-Span Perspective 5/25/2017 The Nature of Development Black Hawk College Careers in Life-Span Development 2 The Life-Span Perspective Why Study Life-Span Development? 5/25/2017 The Historical Perspective Black Hawk College Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective Some Contemporary Concerns 3 Why Study Life-Span Development? 5/25/2017 • You can gain insight to your own life as a child, adolescent, and young adult. • You will learn about life through the adult years—middle age, and old age. • You may be a parent or a teacher some day. • Life-span development is linked with many different areas of psychology. Black Hawk College 4 Definition of Development • The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 5 The Historical Perspective • Original Sin - children were perceived as being basically bad, born into the world as evil beings. • Tabula Rasa - children are like a “blank tablet,” and acquire their characteristics through experience. • Innate Goodness - children are inherently good. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 6 Traditional Approach vs. LifeSpan Approach • The traditional approach emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age. • The life-span approach emphasizes developmental change during adulthood as well as childhood. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 7 Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective • • • • • • Development is lifelong Development is multidimensional Development is multidirectional Development is plastic Development is contextual Development is studied by a number of disciplines • Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 8 Development is Lifelong • No age period dominates development. • Researchers increasingly study the experiences and psychological orientations of adults at different points in their development. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 9 Development is Multidimensional • There are biological dimensions. • There are cognitive dimensions. • There are socioemotional dimensions. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 10 Development is Multidirectional • Some dimensions or components of a dimension increase in growth. • Some dimensions or components of a dimension decrease in growth. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 11 Development is Plastic • Plasticity involves the degree to which characteristics change or remain stable. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 12 Development is Contextual • Normative age-graded influences • Normative historygraded influences • Nonnormative life events 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 13 Studied by a Number of Disciplines • • • • • 5/25/2017 Psychologists Sociologists Anthropologists Neuroscientists Medical Researchers Black Hawk College 14 The Three Goals of Human Development • Maintenance • Growth • Regulation 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 15 Some Contemporary Concerns • Health and Well-Being • Parenting and Education • Sociocultural Contexts • Social Policy 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 16 Health and Well-Being • • • • • • • • • • • • 5/25/2017 Drug and alcohol use during pregnancy Genetic counseling Breast- versus bottle-feeding Early intervention School health programs At-risk adolescents Women’s health issues Exercise Addiction and recovery Loneliness Adaptive physical skills in aging adults Coping with death Black Hawk College 17 Parenting and Education • Day care • Working parents and latchkey children • Effects of divorce on children • The best way to parent • Child maltreatment • Support systems for families • Marital relationships • Intergenerational relationships • Aging parents 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College • Variations in early childhood education • Ethnicity, social class, schools • Programs to improve thinking • School/family coordination • Cooperative learning • How to avoid stifling creativity • Bilingual education • The best schools for adolescents 18 Sociocultural Contexts • Context • Culture • Ethnicity • Gender 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 19 Examples of Context • • • • • • • • 5/25/2017 Homes Schools Peer groups Churches Cities Neighborhoods University laboratories Countries Black Hawk College 20 Definition of Culture • The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. • Cross-cultural studies involve a comparison of a culture with other cultures to provide information about the degree to which development is similar across cultures, or is instead, culture-specific. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 21 Ethnicity • Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 22 Gender • The sociocultural dimension of being male or female 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 23 Social Policy • A national government’s course of action designed to influence the welfare of its citizens. • The shape and scope of social policy is strongly tied to our political system. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 24 The Nature of Development Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes 5/25/2017 Periods of Development Age and Happiness Black Hawk College Conceptions of Age Developmental Issues 25 Biological Processes • Involve changes in the individual’s physical nature such as: – Height and weight gains – The development of the brain – Changes in motor skills – Cardiovascular decline 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 26 Cognitive Processes • Involve changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language such as: – Watching a mobile swing above a crib – Creating a two-word sentence – Memorizing a poem – Imagining being a movie star 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 27 Socioemotional Processes • Involve changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality such as: – An infant smiling from her mother’s touch – A young boy hitting a playmate – A girl’s joy at her senior prom – The affection of an elderly couple 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 28 Periods of Development • • • • • • • • 5/25/2017 The prenatal period Infancy Early childhood Middle and late childhood Adolescence Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood Black Hawk College 29 The Prenatal Period • The time from conception to birth • From a single cell to an organism complete with a brain and behavioral capabilities • Approximately a 9-month period 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 30 Infancy • The developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months • A time of extreme dependency on adults • Many psychological activities are just beginning 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 31 Early Childhood • The developmental period extending from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years • Often called the “preschool years” • Children learn to become more selfsufficient • Children now develop school readiness skills • Children spend many hours playing with peers 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 32 Middle and Late Childhood • The developmental period extending from about 6 to 11 years of age • Approximately corresponds to the elementary school years • Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are mastered • Child is formally exposed to larger world and its culture 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 33 Adolescence • The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood—entered at 10-12 years, ending at 18-22 years • Begins with rapid physical changes. • Pursuit of independence and identity are prominent • Thought is now more logical, abstract, and idealistic 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 34 Early Adulthood • The developmental period beginning in the late teens or early twenties and lasting through the thirties • A time of establishing personal and economic independence • Also a time of career development • Early adults select a mate, start a family, and rear children 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 35 Middle Adulthood • The developmental period beginning around 40 years of age and extending to about 60 • A time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility • Also a time of assisting the next generation in becoming competent • Middle adults reach and maintain satisfaction in a career 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 36 Late Adulthood • The developmental period beginning in the sixties or seventies and lasting until death • A time of adjustment to decreasing strength and health • Also a time of life review, retirement, and new social roles 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 37 Age Groups in Late Adulthood • The Young Old, or Old Age (65-74 years of age) • The Old Old, or Late Old Age (75 years and older) • The Oldest Old (85 years and older) 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 38 Age and Happiness • No particular age group says they are happier or more satisfied than any other age group. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 39 Conceptions of Age • Chronological Age • Biological Age • Psychological Age • Social Age 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 40 Chronological Age • The number of years that have elapsed since a person’s birth 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 41 Biological Age • A person’s age in terms of biological health 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 42 Psychological Age • An individual’s adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals of the same chronological age 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 43 Social Age • Refers to social roles and expectations related to a person’s age 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 44 Developmental Issues • Nature and Nurture • Continuity and Discontinuity • Stability and Change 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 45 The Nature-Nurture Issue • Involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 46 Nature • An organism’s biological inheritance 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 47 Nurture • An organism’s environmental experiences 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 48 The ContinuityDiscontinuity Issue • This issue focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 49 Continuity • Development results from a gradual process occurring over several weeks, months, and possibly years. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 50 Discontinuity • Development occurs through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 51 The Stability-Change Issue • This issue involves the degree to which we become older renditions of our early experience or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development. • It considers the extent to which early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of a person’s development. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 52 The Early-Later Experience Issue • This issue has a long history of being hotly debated among developmental psychologists. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 53 The Early-Experience View • Some believe that unless infants experience warm, nurturant caregiving in the first year or so of life, their development will never be optimal. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 54 The LaterExperience View • Others believe that children are malleable throughout development and that later sensitive caregiving is just as important as earlier sensitive caregiving. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 55 The Early-Later Experience • A number of life-span developmentalists stress that too little attention has been given to later experiences in development. • People in Western cultures tend to support the idea that early experiences are more important than later experiences. • By contrast, the majority of people in the world do not share this belief. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 56 Evaluating the Developmental Issues • Most life-span developmentalists recognize that extreme positions are unwise. • The key to development is the interaction of nature and nurture rather than either factor alone. • There still exists strong debate regarding how strongly development is influenced by each of the factors. 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 57 Careers in Life-Span Development 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 58 Some Careers in LifeSpan Development • • • • • • • • • • 5/25/2017 Audiologist Child psychologist/psychiatrist Child welfare worker College professor Day-care supervisor Early childhood educator Elementary/Secondary school teacher Geriatric nurse or physician Geropsychologist Home health aide Black Hawk College 59 Some Careers in Life-Span Development (con’t) Medical social worker Pediatrician Pediatric nurse Physical therapist Day-care supervisor Preschool/Kindergarten teacher Recreational therapist Rehab counselor School psychologist 5/25/2017 Black Hawk College 60