Download Symmetry

Starter: On the bottom of page 24 of your
lab manual, write the common Kingdom
characteristics for the Kingdom Animalia,
including:
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•
•
•
•
Cell Type:
Cellular Organization:
Mode of Nutrition:
Cell Wall:
Habitat:
Kingdom
ANIMALIA
Just what is an animal???
Eukaryotic (unlike Bacteria)
Multicellular (unlike most Protists)
Heterotrophic (unlike Plants)
Cells lack cell walls (unlike Fungi)
Animals are organized into
nine phyla according to:
• Level of organization
– Cells Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems
• Body symmetry – see next slide
– Asymmetry, radial, & bilateral
• Cephalization
– concentration of sensory tissue at the head
• Body cavity formation
Symmetry
What should YOU know about
each phylum???
how they get their food;
how they keep from being
another organism’s food;
& how they reproduce
Major characteristics (body
plans)
Phylum Porifera - sponges
Characteristics:
• means “pore bearer”
• simplest animals
• All aquatic
Feeding:
• filter feeding using protist-like chanocytes in pores
Choanocyte
Defense Mechanisms:
• Spine-like spicules and toxins
Locomotion:
• Sessile (nonmoving) adults with free-swimming
gametes
Skeletal System:
• Can be hard with spicules or soft with spongin
Reproduction:
• Reproduce both asexually (budding) and sexually
Symmetry:
Asymmetrical – no ends or sides
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish, corals, sea anemone, hydra
Characteristics:
•First to have tissues
•Aquatic habitats
Feeding Mechanisms:
• Single gastrovascular cavity through which food
enters and waste leaves
Defense Mechanisms:
• Can detect light, gravity, and touch
• Stinging cells called cnidocytes are used for
defense and food capture
Locomotion:
• Polyps are sessile
• Medusas use jet propulsion
Skeletal System (body plan)
• Two types of body plan, polyp and medusa
Reproduction
• Sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction
Symmetry:
• Radial symmetry
PLATYHELMINTHES
flatworms: flukes, turbellarians,
tapeworms
Characteristics
• First group with organs
• First cephalized group
•Free living flatworms
(Planaria, e.g.): carnivores
with gastrovascular cavity
(actively pursue prey with
pharynx)
•Parasitic flatworms
(tapeworms, e.g.): absorb
nutrients from host
•Defense: detect stimuli
with eyespots (sense light)
•Locomotion: capable of
movement with muscles and
cilia
Skeletal System (body plan):
Acoelomate - solid body construction
• There is no fluid-filled cavity (coelom)
Reproduction:
• Hermaphroditic
• both sexes in one worm, two worms line up
and exchange sperm
Symmetry:
• Bilateral
Phylum NEMATODA
roundworms: hookworms,
heartworms, and pinworms
Characteristics:
• Freeliving and parasitic
Feeding Mechanisms:
• First group to have a separate mouth and anus
• Parasitic, predators, or herbivores
Defense Mechanisms:
• Sense organs detect chemicals of prey or hosts
Locomotion:
• Use muscles to move
through water or soil
Reproduction:
• Sexually, separate sexes
• Parasitic roundworms
usually have more than
one host
Symmetry:
• bilateral
Skeletal System (body plan)
• Pseudocoelomate - false body cavity
• There is a cavity, but it is not lined with
mesoderm tissue
Phylum ANNELIDA
Segmented worms: earthworms, leeches, polychaetes
Characteristics:
• Segments allow for more complex movement
• first group with true organs and systems
Feeding:
• Can be filter-feeders, predators, or detritovores (feed
on decaying materials)
Defense:
• Well-developed nervous system
• eyes
Locomotion:
• Two types of muscles that work together for movement
• Setae on segments (hair-like bristles)
Skeletal System (Body Plan):
• Coelomate - true body cavity completely lined with
mesoderm
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda (snails & slugs),
Class Bivalvia (clams & scallops),
Class Cephalopoda (squids & octopi)
Feeding:
• Gastropods use a radula to eat algae; Octopi use
jaws; Clams, oysters, and scallops are filter-feeders
Defense:
• Some highly intelligent w/ eyes and tentacles
Locomotion:
• Cephalopods use jet propulsion
Skeletal System:
• Foot – flat part of snails or tentacles of cephalopods
• Mantle – tissue
• Shell – internal or external
Reproduction:
• Sexually – most release gametes wa
Reproduction:
• Hermaphroditic or separate sexes
• clitellum is used for fertilization
Symmetry:
• bilateral
The ARTHROPODS
•“joint-footed”
•largest phylum-96% of all animals
•73% of these are insects
•aquatic and terrestrial
• Use specialized mouthparts like pinchers, fangs,
jaws specialized according to whether they are
Herbivores, Carnivores, or Parasites
• Most have sophisticated sense organs, such as taste
receptors, for gathering information from the
environment. All have a brain.
•Three body parts-head, thorax, and abdomen
• exoskeleton made of chitin- which they molt/shed
as they grow
• Sexual reproduction, with separate sexes
• Bilateral Symmetry
CLASS CRUSTACEA: crabs, crayfish, barnacle
• 10 legs/appendages
• 2 or 3 body sections
• Usually 2 pair antennae
CLASS INSECTA
• Six legs, 1 pair antenna, 3 body parts
CLASS ARACHNIDA: Spiders, scorpions, ticks,
mites, daddy longlegs
• 8 legs 2 body sections
Phylum
ECHINODERMATA
sea stars, sand dollars, sea
biscuits, sea urchins, and sea
cucumbers
Characteristics:
•Spiny skinned animals
•Internal skeleton
• Only phylum that is entirely marine (salt waterocean)
•Often keystone species-removal of them from
their environment will cause the ecosystem to
crash
Feeding:
• Use tube feet to obtain food (turns stomach
inside out and digests the body of the organism
and withdraws the stomach containing food)
Defense:
• Scattered sensory cells detect light, gravity, and
chemicals released by potential prey
Locomotion:
• Water vascular system to pump water through body
to feed and move
Reproduction:
• sexual (separate sexes) and asexual (regeneration)
Symmetry:
• 5-part radial symmetry (bilateral as larva)
Phylum CHORDATA
(that’s us!)
All Chordates have:
• Dorsal nerve cord
• Notochord (becomes backbone)
• Post anal tail
• Pharyngeal pouches ( become gill slits in fish,
but become tonsils, esophagus, inner ear, etc. of humans)
Most chordates are Vertebrates
(have a backbone)
Class Agnatha
• Jawless fishes
• Ectothermic - body temp dependent
on temp of surrounding water
• Often are external parasites of other fish
• Examples: hagfish and lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes
• sharks, skates, rays
•Cartilaginous skeleton
• First group to develop teeth, fins,
and scales
Class Osteichthyes
• “Bony fish”
• Examples—bass, trout, flounder
Class Amphibia
• Amphibia means “two lived”: live in water as
juveniles and land as adults (gills turn in to lungs)
• jelly-like eggs laid in water
• first to have lungs
• moist skin—gas exchange through skin and lungs
• no teeth or claws
• examples: frogs, toads, salamanders
Class Reptilia
Adapted for dry conditions
• Scaly skin, teeth and claws
• leathery eggs laid on land
• Examples: turtles, alligators, lizards,
snakes, and dinosaurs
Class Aves
• First to be endothermic-able to maintain constant
body temperature regardless of surrounding temp.
• beak and scaly skin on feet
• First 4-chambered heart: allows for more efficient
circulation
• Adapted for flying
• Adaptations for flight
1. Wings
2. Feathers
3. Hollow bones
4. large breastbone for flight muscles
Class Mammalia
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Endothermic
Covered with hair or fur
Mammary glands
4-chambered heart
lungs
3 subclasses:
1. Monotremes—egg
laying mammals
• echidna and
duck-billed platypus
2. marsupials
• immature young finish development in
mother’s pouch called marsupium
• Examples: kangaroo and opossum
3. Placental mammals
• give birth to live, well-formed young
• Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste
exchanged through placenta
• Examples: cow, human, elephant, horse