Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Animals Part I - CCRI Faculty Web
Document related concepts
Transcript
Chapter 17 Remember…. D K P C O F G S Kingdom Animalia General characteristics: – Heterotrophic – Locomotion – Multicellular – Life cycle where adult is diploid – Undergoes sexual reproduction and produce an embryo Animal Diversity Invertebrates – Lack an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage – All but one animal phylum are invertebrates Vertebrates – Have an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage Type of Body Plan Sac-Plan – Incomplete digestive system – Gastrovascular cavity Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan – Complete digestive system – Inner tube is digestive system, outer tube is body wall – Two openings Digestive Tracts Incomplete One opening same opening used to take in food and get rid of wastes GVC Complete Two openings food is ingested at one end wastes from digestion passed out of the tract at the other end Level of Organization Cellular Only composed of cells Sponges Tissue Composed of cells and tissues Jellyfish Organ Composed of cells, tissues, and organs Us! Type of Body Cavity Acoelomate – Lacks a body cavity – Tissues packed closely together Pseudocoelomate – Body cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm – fluid-filled cavity that contains their organs – Organs are free within the cavity and will move around easily when you manipulate them Coelomate – Cavity that contains organs – Lined with mesoderm Type of Symmetry Asymmetrical – No particular symmetry Radial Symmetry – Circular organization – can be bisected in any plane to produce mirror images – Sessile Bilateral Symmetry – Definite right and left halves – only a cut down the midline will produce mirror images Animal skeletons Can be: Hydrostatic External Internal Reproduction Sexual reproduction egg of one individual is fertilized by the sperm of another Hermaphroditic animals possess both male and female sex organs Asexual reproduction single parent gives rise to an offspring that will be genetically identical to the parent Asexual reproduction of a body part!! Fertilization /Copulation Internal fertilization External fertilization Development of a fetus Internal External Sponges Sponges Phylum Porifera Saclike body with many pores Mainly aquatic animals Filter feeders Asexual and Sexual Reproduction – Hermaphroditic – Usually not self-fertilizing Spicules – For internal support (endoskeleton) Cnidarians Cnidarians: True Tissues Phylum Cnidaria Tubular or bell-shaped with radial symmetry All aquatic, mostly marine Cnidarians Cnidocytes – Stinging cells unique to cnidarians Two body types – Polyps and medusan Gastrovascular cavity – Sac-like body plan Includes corals, jellyfish, and hydrozoans Cnidarians Hydra – Freshwater – sac-like body plan with a single opening – Digestion begins in gastrovascular cavity, completed in cells – Can reproduce sexually and asexually (budding) Flat Worms Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes Planarians – Found in lakes, ponds, and streams – Reproduce both asexually and sexually Regeneration (asexual) Hermaphroditic (sexual) – Reciprocal transfer – simultaneous transfer of the sperm to the genital orifice of the partner Flatworms Parasitic Flatworms – Tapeworms Endoparasites Range in length from several millimeters to 20 meters Tough integument to protect from host’s enzymes Scolex Roundworms Roundworms: Phylum Nematoda – Tube within a tube body plan Mouth and anus – Hydrostatic skeleton – Nonsegmented – Some roundworms are free-living, others are parasitic Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates Ascaris – Move with whip-like motion – Females are much longer than males and highly prolific – Eggs enter host in uncooked vegetables, soil, or feces Coelomates The rest of the species that we will study are Coelomates – Bilateral symmetry – Organ level of organization – Tube-within-a-tube body plan Molluscs Molluscs Second largest animal phylum Unique characteristics of molluscs – Three distinct parts Visceral mass Foot Mantle – Radula Grasping organ for feeding Molluscs Gastropods – Nudibranchs, conchs, and snails Foot is flattened ventrally Aquatic gastropods have gills Terrestrial gastropods – Mantle has lung-like function Molluscs Cephalopods – Squid, octopus, chambered nautilus Foot has evolved into tentacles Extremely well-developed eyes – Built for speed!! Complex behaviors Ink glands – Secrete “ink” as defense mechanism Molluscs Bivalves – Clams, oysters, scallops Two-part shells (valves) Filter-feeders – Water enters through incurrent siphon Annelids Annelids: Segmented Worms Phylum Annelida – Segmentation – Hydrostatic skeleton – Tube-within-a-tube body plan Annelids: Segmented Worms Oligochetes (Earthworms) – Locomotion Contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles Few setae per segment – Gas exchange is across the body wall Annelids: Segmented Worms Oligochetes (Earthworms) – Reproduction Hermaphroditic Worms lie parallel in opposite directions – Clitellum produces mucus to keep sperm moist After separation, produces a slime tube Moves eggs and sperm together for fertilization Slime tube then produces a cocoon Annelids: Segmented Worms Leeches – Most live in freshwater – Most are ectoparasites - have suckers for feeding – Have same general body plan as other annelids Lack setae Each body ring has transverse grooves Arthropods Arthropods: Jointed Appendages Phylum Arthropoda – Over 1 million species have been described 30 million may exist (mostly insects) – Appendages are for: Walking, swimming, reproduction, eating, sensory reception – Exoskeleton of chitin (must molt to grow) – Well-developed nervous system Brain and ventral nerve cord Sense organs Arthropods: Jointed Appendages Crustaceans – Barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, and – – – – crabs (marine) Crayfish (freshwater) Sowbugs (terrestrial) Known for their hard shells Usual anatomy is a pair of compound eyes and five pairs of appendages Front two pairs have sensory functions Other three pairs are used in feeding Arthropods: Jointed Appendages Insects – Three body regions Head – Sensory antennae, eyes – Mouthparts are adapted to each insect’s way of life Thorax – Three pairs of legs and the wings Abdomen – Contains most internal organs Comparison of Crayfish and Grasshopper Crayfish – Gills – Excrete liquid nitrogenous wastes (ammonia) – No reception of sound – Utilize uropods when swimming Grasshoppers – Spiracles and trachae – Grasshoppers excrete solid wastes (uric acid) – Tympanum for reception of sound – Have legs for hopping and wings for flying Arachnids: 6 pairs of appendages Scorpions – Oldest terrestrial arthropods – Abdomen ends with a venomous stinger Ticks and Mites – Parasites Transmit diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever or Lyme disease Spiders – Spiders have a narrow waist that separates cephalothorax from abdomen Chelicerae have fangs that deliver poison to prey Silk glands for web-spinning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdVvoSP8QtY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LmyyXcE6rw Millipedes and Centipedes Millipedes: Eat decaying plant matter two pairs of short legs per body segment Centipedes: terrestrial carnivores with poison claws Have one pair of short legs per body segment Echinoderms Echinoderms Characteristics of Echinoderms – Marine animals – Endoskeleton made of calcium-rich plates – Spines stick out of their skin – Adults exhibit radial symmetry Echinoderms Sea Stars – Found along shorelines on rocky surfaces – Five-rayed body with mouth on underside and anus on upper side – Structures project through skin Spines for protection Skin gills – Extensions of skin for gas exchange Chordates!! Chordates Must exhibit these characteristics: – Notochord – Dorsal tubular nerve cord – Pharyngeal pouches – Postanal tail The Chordates……… Invertebrate chordates – Tunicates and lancelets Vertebrate chordates – Fishes – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals Nonvertebrate Chordates Tunicates (sea squirts) – Squirt water when their siphons are disturbed Live in ocean and are filter-feeders Larva is bilaterally symmetrical and has four chordate characteristics Adults are sessile, thick-walled, sac-like organisms – The only chordate characteristics in the adults are pharynx and gill slits Vertebrates Characteristics – Have four chordate characteristics at some point in life – Distinguishing features Strong, jointed endoskeleton Vertebral column composed of vertebrae Efficient respiration and excretion Fishes Fishes: First Jaws, Then Lungs Adapted to life in water – Sperm and eggs released into water – Fertilization external – Zygote develops into swimming larval form Fish vs Fishes??? 2 chambered heart Ectothermic What are fish? – Jellyfish? – Starfish? – Crayfish? – Shellfish? Fishes Three main groups/Classes of fishes – Jawless fishes – Cartilaginous fishes – Bony fishes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2FInaOCqoo Amphibians Jointed appendages Class Amphibia – “two lives” – Tetrapods – Eyelids keep eyes moist – Have ears – Larynx for vocalization – Small lungs present in adults Gas exchange also occurs across moist skin – Three-chambered heart Ectothermic Large mouths and consume prey whole Amphibians Have either internal or external fertilization Metamorphic life cycle – Aquatic larva (gills) - water – Terrestrial adult (lungs) - land Class Amphibia Order: Gymnophiona Caecilians Order: Caudata Salamanders and Newts Order: Anura Frogs and toads http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXqK5QulbJ8 Reptiles Amniotic egg Class Reptilia – Body is covered with scales – Ectothermic – Three chambered heart**** – Eyelids Reptiles Amniotes Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg Amniotic egg usually buried in substrate Contains membranes that protect the embryo In reptiles, internal fertilization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CQInAXoqY&feature=related Class Reptilia – 4 Orders Order: Testudines – Turtles and tortoises Order: Crocodilia – Crocodilians Order: Rhynchocephalia – Tuataras http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/crocodile-feeding-frenzy-alligator-egg-hunt.html http://www.metacafe.com/watch/198880/weird_nature/ Class Reptilia – 4 Orders Order: Squamata – SO: Lacertilia Lizards 4 limbs and tail – SO: Serpentes Snakes Limbless – SO: Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenians Short tails Scales in rings Limbless Subterranean http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unzg7C1KJo0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwRdqkEcmbs Birds Class: Aves Amniote egg with a hard shell Internal fertilization, external incubation – – – – – – – – Forelimbs are modified as wings Bones are laced with air cavities A beak has replaced jaws Large sternum for attachment of flight muscles Air sacs to increase the efficiency of breathing Endothermic Four-chambered heart Cloaca Mammals Class: Mammalia body hair and milkproducing mammary glands Adapted for active life on land Limbs that allow rapid movement Four-chambered heart Endothermic High level of care for the young Internal development (most) Mammals Monotremes – Have a cloaca – Egg-laying mammals – Spiny anteater and duck-billed platypus Both found in Australia – Both males and females have modified sweat glands and secrete milk onto body surface Mammals Marsupials – Begin development within female’s body born very immature development is completed within a pouch Attach to nipples of mammary glands within the pouch – Virginia opposum is the only marsupial species north of Mexico – Mainly found in Australia Mammals Placental Mammals – Extraembryonic membranes are modified for internal development How primates differ from most mammals : Most are adapted for living in trees Limbs are mobile, hands and feet have digits Opposable thumbs (sometimes big toes) Eyes in the front of the head Large, complex brain Generally give birth to one offspring at a time – Extended period of juvenile dependency
