Download classification_of_living_organisms

Classification of Living
Organisms
An Evolutionary Comparison of
Characteristics Between Across
the Species
Why Classify?
•
More than 2.5 million kinds of organisms
identified
•
A system of classification that names and orders
organisms in a logical manner is needed to work
with the diversity of life
•
Is classification limited to science? What are
things you do to organize your life??
taxonomy
• Definition:
--The classification of
organisms in an ordered
system that indicates
natural relationships
--used by naturalists and
biologists to classify and
name the living world
--usually classified by
like characteristics, such
as, internal/external
features or behavior
CaroLus Linnaeus
• Swedish botanist
• Introduced a system of
classification of plants
based on their sexual
organs
• In his Systema Naturae
(1735), he established the
classification of living
things into genus and
species, and combining
related genera into classes,
and related classes into
orders. This system was
more precise and useful
than any previous one.
Binomial Nomenclature
• Good system because it is simple, logical, and
universally accepted.
• Gives each organism a two-part scientific name
– Genus -refers to small group of organisms with similar
characteristics (first letter capitalized)
• Example: Homo or Homo
– Species -a Latin description of an important
characteristic (lower case letter)
• Example: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Biological Nomenclature, Cont.
• Species have a clear biological identity because
members within the species breed with one another
and have a common gene pool
• Evolutionary theory is important to taxonomy
because organisms could be grouped in ways that
show evolutionary relationships
Five Kingdom System
• Most commonly
accepted classification
system
• Established in 1950’s
by continued work of
Linnaean followers,
Lynn Margulis and R.H.
Whittaker
• Used in most biology
textbooks, even BSCS
New Classification Systems since
Linnaeus
• Just like all other areas of science, taxonomy is
still continually changing, being modified, or
altered as more evidence is discovered and
analyzed by scientists
• Two new hypotheses exist for the classification
of life:
- Three domain model
- Six kingdom model
• Additionally, a whole other field of taxonomy
has developed in more recent years along with
the study of evolution: phylogeny or cladistics
• Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms
based on common ancestry
Classification Categories
(you are responsible for Knowing)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Acronym to remember
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Did
King
Phillip
Croak
On
Funky
Grapes
and Sausages
Why do I Care?
•
•
•
•
•
The study of taxonomy
developed for a very important
reason…the need to share
knowledge
• Genus Boletus
o Section Boleti
o Subsection Boleti
Doctors, scientists, botanists,
zoologists, and naturalists
needed a fool-proof way to
share information with each
other about certain organisms
However, before the
classification tree, every
country had its own name for
organisms
With taxonomy, this problem
was eliminated
Now scientists had one
system, one name for each and
every organism they wanted to
study
•B. aereus
•B. edulis
•B. mottii
o Subsection Calopodes
•B. abieticola
•B. appendiculatus
France:
Cepe
United
Italy:
•B.States:
calopus Porcini
var.
King Bolete
frustosus
Germany:
Steinpilz
England:
Sweden:
•B.
fibrillosus
Poland:
Borowik
Penny Bun
Stensopp
Finland:
Herkkutatti
Spanish:
Rodellón
•B. regius
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION Activity
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION Activity,
cont.
Norns Activity
Norns Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key
1. Has pointed ears .....................................go to 3
Has rounded ears .....................................go to 2
2. Has no tail .........................................kentuckyus
Has tail ...............................................dakotus
3. Ears point upward .................................... go to 5
Ears point downward .................................go to 4
4. Engages in waving behavior .............................dallus
Has hairy tufts on ears ...........................californius
5. Engages in waving behavior .........................wala-wala
Does not engage in waving behavior .................go to 6
6. Has hair on head......................................beverlus
Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) .........go to 7
7. Has a tail ...............................................yorkio
Has no tail, aggressive .................................rajus
Norns belong to the genus
Norno and can be divided into
eight species that are
generally located in specific
regions of the world. Use the
dichotomous key to identify
the norns below. Write their
complete scientific name
(genus + species) in the blank.
Important Terms to remember
•
Prokaryote
•
Eukaryote
•
Heterotroph
•
Autotroph
– earliest life forms found on
earth
– No membrane bound organelles
– Simple
– Small
– Membrane bound organelles
– Complex
– Large
– Eats other organisms (consumer)
– Makes it’s own food (producer)
Kingdoms of Life
Monera (Bacteria)
• Includes all prokaryotes
• Most Unicellular, some Multicellular
• Greater variety of chemical and functional
patterns
• Food sources:
– photosynthesis
– inorganic chemicals
• Uses binary fission to reproduce
• Three main types based upon shape:
– bacillus (rod); coccus (sphere); spirillum (spiral)
• Divided into 2 major categories
– Archaebacteria
• Single celled
• Extreme environments
• Examples:
– Thermoacidophiles - hot, acidic
– Halophiles - salty
– Methanogens – anaerobic, produce
methane
– Eubacteria
• Single celled
• Everywhere!
Eubacteria
• Very diverse
– Aerobic, anaerobic, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, thermophilic,
psychrophilic, autotrophic, heterotrophic
• Three major groups according to cell wall:
– gram-positive
• Wide-spread
• Food prep
– gram-negative
• Cyanobacteria-algae
– Mycoplasmas
• Harmless or disease causing (pneumonia)
• Important for Nitrogen cycle
• Important as decomposers
• Examples:
– Streptococcus aureus, E. coli, staph infections
Viruses
• Consists of a nucleic acid and a protein coat
• Very small; can pass through most bacteriological filters
• Two roles
– Disease-enters and disrupts cell functions
– Heredity-cause permanent, inheritable changes
• Reproduce by making copies inside living cells
• Examples:
– Viruses:
• Herpes, Flu, Measles, Polio, HIV (retrovirus-make DNA copy from their RNA)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Bacteria
– Gonorrhea
• Most widespread
• Symptoms:
–
–
–
–
Painful urination
Yellowish discharge-men
Swollen testicles
no symptoms 50% women
• Complications:
– PID (Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease)
– Sterility
– Arthritis
– Blindness
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics (all involved)
» New resistant strains
• Test: Pap or Urine
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Bacteria
– Syphilis
• More serious
• Symptoms/Stages:
– Chancre (sore)
– Rash, flu-like symptoms
– Latency up to 20 years
• Complications:
– Nervous and Circulatory
system damage
– Paralysis
– Insanity
– Heart Disease
– Death
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics (all involved)
• Test: Blood or swab of sores
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Bacteria
– Chlamydia
• Most common
• Symptoms:
– Clear discharge
– often no symptoms
• Complications:
– PID (Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease)
– Sterility
– Tubal pregnancies
– Infant eye and lung infections
– Miscarriage
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
• Test: Urine or Cervix swab
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Bacteria
– NGU (Non-Gonococcal Urethritis)
• Male equivalent to Chlamydia
• Symptoms:
– Clear discharge
– Burning urination
– Swollen testicles
• Complications:
– Reproductive organ damage
– Sterility
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
• Test: Culture of discharge
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Viruses
– Herpes (HSV)
• Symptoms:
– Swollen, painful sores on
genitals
– Fever
– Headache and muscle ache
– Often no symptoms
• Complications:
– Cervical cancer
– central nervous system
damage
– death in infants infected
during birth
– Continuing outbreaks
– Compromised immune system
• Treatment (Management):
– Anti-viral drugs, always
carry virus
• Test: Blood, swab sore
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Virus
– HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
or Genital Warts
• 60 to 80 strains
• Extremely contagious
• Symptoms:
– Local irritation
– Itching
– Warts (4-8 months)
• Complications:
– Can block vaginal and
rectal openings and throat
– Cervical cancer
– Higher susceptibility to
other STDs
• Treatment:
– Liquid nitrogen
– Surgical removal
• Test: Visual exam, vinegar
solution
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Virus
– HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Transmitted:
–
–
–
–
Sexual contact
Illicit Injections
Breast Milk
Transfusion
• Symptoms:
– Vary
• Complications:
– Opportunistic diseases (pneumonia,
etc.)
– Affects T cells in the immune system
(compromised immune system)
– Develop AIDS in several months to 12
years
– Death in 5-20 years
• Treatment:
– Drug cocktails
• Test: Blood
Kingdoms of Life
Protista (Protists)
-Single celled eukaryotic
organisms
-Have a nucleus; some have
chloroplast
-Some autotrophic; some
heterotrophic
-Animal-like, plant-like, and
fungus-like
-Examples: amoeba, paramecium,
euglena
Types of protists
• Autotrophs
• Algae
– Ancestors of plants
– Microscopic to visible
– Live in freshwater and
saltwater
– Categorized by color
• Red
• Green (have chlorophyll)
• Brown
• Diatoms
– Have silica in their cells
– Live in colonies, individually,
or in filaments
– Freshwater or marine
– Beautiful
Types of protists
• Heterotrophs
•
Classified by method of movement
•
Ciliates:
– Use cilia for locomotion
– Have hundreds of tiny cilia that
beat in unison
– Often uses cilia for food
gathering, as well
•
Flagellates:
– Uses a whip-like flagella to move
– Some live in colonies
– Some have cholorplasts
•
Sarcodines:
– Commonly known as amoebas
– Use pseudopodia for locomotion
– Made of protoplasm
•
http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ponddip/
Kingdoms of Life
Fungi (Molds, Fungus)
-Multicellular eukaryotic
organisms
-Build cell walls; contain
chloroplasts
-Autotrophic and
heterotrophic forms
-Separate from plants
because separate cells
are not always separated
by a cell wall as in plants
Kingdoms of Life
Plantae (Plants)
-Multicellular,
autotrophic organisms
-Eukaryotic cells
-Rigid cell walls made of
cellulose
-Contain various internal
transport systems
(xylem, phloem)
-Includes all flowering
trees, plants, grasses,
algae
Kingdoms of Life
Animalia (Animals)
-Multicellular, heterotrophic
organisms
-Eukaryotic cells
-No cell wall, only cell membrane
-Contain advanced body plans
-Various feeding styles and
adaptations
-Mobility
-Sexual Reproduction
-Diploidy
-Blastula Formation
– 3 germ layers
-Divided into two major
categories:
– Invertebrates
– Vertebrates
Body Symmetry
• Body Plan of an
organism; how parts
fit together
(blueprint)
– Asymmetrical: No
pattern; no definite
shape
– Radial Symmetry:
Shaped like a wheel,
round
– Bilateral Symmetry:
equal halves when
compared at a
midpoint; has right
and left side
Types of Animals
Phylum
Examples
Evolutionary Milestone
Porifera
sponges
multicellularity
Cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, coral
tissues
Platyhelminthes flatworms
bilateral symmetry
Nematoda
roundworms
pseudocoelom
Mollusca
clams, squids, snails
coelom
Annelida
earthworms, leeches
segmentation
Arthropoda
insects, spiders, crustaceans
jointed appendages
Echinodermata
starfish
deuterostomes
Chordata
vertebrates
notochord
Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera—
”pore-bearing”
(no Backbone)
• Also known as Sponges
• Multicellular
• Have rudimentary organs
and organ systems
(nervous and digestive)
• Asymmetrical Body Plan
• Sessile (unable to move)
• Reproduce asexual and
sexual
• Composed of spongin (soft)
and spicules (structure)
• Filter feeders (uses oscula,
ostia, and collar cells)
• Collar cells have flagella to
trap nutrients and move
water through interior
Invertebrates
Phylum Cnidarians
(no Backbone)
(Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and
Cubozoa)
● Includes Jellyfish, Hydra, Sea Anemones, and
Corals (12,000 species)
● Radial symmetry
● Latin for “stinging cells”
● Two cell layers that are organized into tissues
● Have digestive, muscle, nerve, and sensory tissue
● Hollow sack w/one body opening (mouth)
● Have tentacles (arms) which may contain
cnidocytes (stinging cells used to capture food)
● Cnidocytes contain poison arrows connected to
threads called nematocysts
● Two types of body forms: medusa and polyp
● Medusa: floats on surface of water or swims,
looks like an umbrella with mouth/tentacles
hanging down
● Polyp: doesn’t move, tube-shaped body attached
to bottom of the ocean, mouth/tentacles
pointed upward
● Hydras are only freshwater species
Invertebrates
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(no Backbone)
(Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda)
● Bilateral symmetry
● Soft, flattened bodies
● Three cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endoderm)
● These layers are organized into many
organs and organ systems
● Groups: Planarians, Flukeworms, and
Tapeworms
● Planarians: free-living in ponds and
streams; only one body opening; nerve
organs called eye spots (detect light);
bodies covered w/cilia; secrete mucus;
regenerate; excretory system contains
flame cells (collect excess water and
wastes), and reproduces asexually
● Flukeworms: parasitic; damaging to host
(like liver fluke); contains flame cells, can
cause sickness, disability, or death
● Tapeworms: parasitic; lacks a digestive
system; head known as scolex; attaches
via hookers and/or suckers
Invertebrates
Phylum Nematoda
(no Backbone)
•
More than a half-million species,
often parasitic
•
Have two openings, a mouth and
anus
•
Thus, continuous digestive
system
•
Muscle, nerve, excretory, and
reproductive
•
Tough, waxy covering known as
cuticle
•
Types: Hookworms, Heartworms,
Ascaris, and Trichina
•
No body segmentations
•
Latin means “thread-like”
Phylum Annelida
•
•
Invertebrates
(no Backbone)
Segmented worms (approximately 9,000
species)
Types: Earthworms, Bristle worms, Marine
Worms, and Leeches
Earthworms
• More advanced because have coelom:
liquid-filled space or body cavity that
holds organs
• Have setae or bristle-like structures for
burrowing
• Have blood vessels that carry food to all
cells; a closed circulatory system
• Have crop where food is stored
• Have gizzard that grinds the food
• Have a nervous system and excretory
system
• No respiratory system, exchange gases
by diffusion through moist skin
• Vital to fertilizing soil
Leeches
• Parasitic, use suckers to attach and feed
on blood
• Secretes chemical in saliva that keeps
the blood flowing and prevents it from
clotting
Invertebrates
Phylum Arthropoda
(no Backbone)
– In Latin, “jointed foot”
– Have jointed appendages, including
legs, claws, pincers, and antennae
– Have segmented bodies
– Have an exoskeleton comprised of
chitin
– Three body regions: head, thorax,
and abdomen
– Shed exoskeleton via molting
– Several classes: Insects,
Crustaceans, Arachnids, and
Myriapods
Insects
–
–
–
–
Have spiracles for breathing
Have tympanum for hearing
Simple and compound eyes, six legs
Mandibles for chewing, plus
maxilla to push food into mouth
and labium to hold food
– Most insects go through some
form of metamorphosis
(incomplete or complete)
Invertebrates
(no Backbone)
Arachnids
– Head and chest fused into
cephalothorax
– Breathe through book lungs
– Have fangs to inject poison
into food
– Spiders, scorpions, mites,
and ticks
– Eight legs
Crustaceans
– Most live in water
– Ten legs, two antennae, use
gills
– Can regenerate lost
appendage
Myriapods
– Two types: chilopods
(centipedes) and diplopods
(millipedes)
Phylum Mollusca
Invertebrates
(no Backbone)
– Usually have soft body covered
by shell
– Found on land, fresh and salt
water
– Soft body covered/protected by
mantle
– Three body parts: head, foot,
and visceral mass
– Head contains brain and sensory
organs
– Foot is muscular part and can be
divided into parts
– Visceral mass is space where
body parts are
– Open circulatory system
– Some have radula, a rough,
tongue-like organ to scrape algae
off rocks
– Three types: Gastropods
(univalves), Bivalves, and
Cephalopods (octopus/squid)
Gastropods
–
–
–
–
–
Invertebrates
Only one shell
(no
Latin means “stomach foot”
Live on land, leave mucus trail
Can live in water
Snails, slugs, and conchs
Bivalves
–
–
–
–
Hinged, two-part shells
Clams, oysters, and scallops
Mostly salt water, filter feed
Most attach or burrow
Cephalopods
–
–
–
–
Adapted for swimming
Latin means “head footed”
Foot divided into many arms
Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and
nautilus
– Have sharp beak for biting prey
– Have suckers on tentacles
Backbone)