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Kingdom Animalia • • • • • • Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Most are capable of motion About 30 phyla Characteristics for animal classification • Symmetry-the arrangement of body parts around the main axis of the body 1. Bilateral-two almost identical halves 2.Radial symmetry around the axis 3. Asymmetrical-lack of symmetry • Digestive systems: sac or tube where food breaks down into small particles 1. Incomplete-one opening 2. Complete-two openings 3. Absent Figure 23.3 Symmetry Is an Equivalence in Body Sections Radial symmetry: Symmetry around a central point Asymmetry: No planes of symmetry Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Bilateral symmetry: Characteristics for animal classification • Body Segmentation-multiple repeating units • Skeletal systems: provide support for the body 1. Exoskeleton - a hard skeleton on the outside of the body (calcium carbonate shells, chitin, silica) 2. Endoskeleton - a hard skeleton inside the body, usually composed of bone or cartilage Characteristics for animal classification • Circulatory systems-distribute nutrients to all parts of the body and removes waste products. [Not found in Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, or Nematoda]. 1.Closed-the blood is always inside of blood vessels (all vertebrates, some molluscs). 2.Open-the blood fills the body cavity (arthropods, some molluscs) Classification system • domain • kingdom - a group of related phyla • phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes. It is called a division in Botany. • class - a group of related orders • order - a group of related families • family - a group of related genera • genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species • species - a kind of living organism . All organisms who can potentially reproduce together under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring. Figure 23.2 A Family Tree for Animals Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca (flatworms) Nematoda Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata (roundworms) Protostomes tissues symmetry ancestral protist Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes Early embryo Protostomes anus invagination mouth blastopore Deuterostomes mouth invagination anus blastopore All animals pass through a blastula stage of development, the blastula being a hollow ball of cells. The blastula then invaginates to form a structure that develops into the animal’s gut. The opening to this invagination is called a blastopore. In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, by contrast, the blastopore becomes the anus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Table 23.1 Animal Phyla Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phylum Porifera ( pore-filled) • • • • • • Example: Sponges Asymmetry or radial symmetry Endoskeleton Filter feeders (body with pores) They are attached (cannot move) marine Figure 23.6 Sponges: A Body Plan for a Simple Lifestyle Inner cells with flagella create currents. The currents cause water to flow into pores and out at top. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.7 Sponge Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phylum Cnidaria • • • • • • • EX: coral, hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone radial symmetry incomplete digestive system (one opening) no segmentation no circulatory system a circle of tentacles surrounds the mouth have a cell structure called a nematocyst for stinging prey Figure 23.8a Jellyfish Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.8b Sea anemone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.8c Coral polyps Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.9 Two Stages of Life for Many Cnidarians medusa gastric cavity tentacles mouth mouth gastric cavity polyp Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. tentacles PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES = flatworms • • • • • • EX: planaria, flukes, tapeworms bilateral symmetry incomplete digestive system (one opening) no segmentation no circulatory system concentration of sensory organs at anterior “head” end Figure 23.12a Flatworm anatomy Flatworm anatomy primitive eyes nerve cords genital pore cerebral ganglia penis testes ovaries Nervous system includes primitive eyes and two collections of nerve cells, the cerebral ganglia, that connect to nerve cords that run the length of the animal. In reproduction, Dugesia is hermaphroditic, meaning it possesses male sex organs (testes and penis) as well as female sex organs (ovaries and other structures). When two Dugesia copulate, each projects its penis and inserts it in the genital pore of the other. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.11 Flatworms Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. PHYLUM NEMATODA = round worms • • • • • • • Examples: Ascaris, Toxocara canis bilateral symmetry complete digestive system no segmentation no circulatory system body is round in cross section free living organisms or parasitic organisms PHYLUM ANNELIDA = segmented worms • EX: earthworm, clam worm, blood worm, leech • bilateral symmetry • complete digestive system • segmentation - the body is composed of many nearly identical segments • closed circulatory system Figure 23.13 The Body Plan of an Earthworm dorsal blood vessel intestine brain mouth “hearts” coelomic space muscular walls between segments anus pairs of bristles segments Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.14a Hawaiian Christmas tree worm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 23.14b Medicinal leech Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks • • • • bilateral symmetry complete digestive system no segmentation in adults open circulatory system PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks • EX: snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, octopus, squid • soft body. Some have a muscular foot used for movement • a protective shell made of calcium carbonate sometimes covers the soft body. The shell does support the body somewhat, but is not a skeletal system Snail (Gastropod) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Squid (Cephalopod) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Scallop (Bivalve) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods • EX: insects, spiders, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, etc.), • the largest animal phylum • bilateral symmetry • complete digestive system • open circulatory system • exoskeleton PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods • Segmentation – but many segments are fused into larger body regions (e.g., some of the 20 segments of an insect have fused together to form 3 body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen) • many pairs of jointed appendages - arthropod means “jointed leg” Class Insects • Example: Beetles, flies, bees, grasshoppers • largest group • 6 legs, 2 pair wings, 1 pair antennae Insect Features head thorax abdomen exoskeleton muscles joint segments Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Class Crustaceans • • • • Example: Crabs, lobsters , shrimp, barnacles 2 part body gills many appendages Crustacean Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Crustacean Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Crustacean Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Class Centipedes and Millipedes MANY BODY SEGMENTS AND APPENDAGE Class Horseshoe crabs (most closely related to arachnids = spiders) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Class Arachnids • Example: Spider, tick, scorpion • 8 legs, no wings, no antennae • Fang-like mouth parts Class Arachnid Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals • EX: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea lily, sand dollar • radial symmetry in adults (the body is usually subdivided into five parts) • complete digestive system • open circulatory system • no segmentation PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals • endoskeleton made of calcified plates • tube feet use suction, to move and feed • rough skin has spines Figure 23.24a Sea star Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Feather star. Related to sea lily. Has 10 arms, each of which branches many times. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. PHYLUM CHORDATA - chordates • • • • EX: fish, birds, snakes, humans bilateral symmetry complete digestive system modified segmentation - segmentation is easily seen in the embryo but becomes somewhat hidden in the adult • endoskeleton • closed circulatory system PHYLUM CHORDATA - the chordates Chordates have three unique characteristics: • notochord = hard supporting rod of the skeleton along the back • nerve cord running with the notochord • pharyngeal gill slits - openings from inside the pharynx to the environment. In fish, they contain gills which are respiratory organs. Three Universal Chordate Features notochord dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal slits Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. The Vertebrate Classes: • The Chordates are subdivided into three subphyla, but almost all species of chordate are within the Subphylum Vertebrata, the vertebrates. • In the Vertebrata, the notochord is replaced during development by a new rod made of many pieces which is called the vertebral column or backbone. Subphylum Tunicates, a primitive chordate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3 CLASSES OF FISH 1. Jawless fish (e.g., lamprey) - 50 species 2. Cartilaginous fish = fish with a skeleton of cartilage (sharks, rays) - 800 species 3. Bony fish = fish with a skeleton of bone 18,000 species Lamprey. No Jaw, a Predator Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Cartilaginous Fish. A ray Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CLASS AMPHIBIA - amphibians • • • • • • EX: salamanders, frogs, toads aquatic larvae with gills adults with lungs three chambered heart Moist skin no teeth, claws, or scales Figure 23.33 Amphibian Life Cycle female male egg mature frog fertilized egg sperm immature frog tadpole Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. developing embryo CLASS REPTILIA - reptiles • EX: lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles • three chambered heart • dry skin covered with scales. (The shell of a turtle is made of scales. The inner scales become bony and attach to the endoskeleton.) • usually possess claws and teeth CLASS AVES - birds • • • • • • Example: finch, blue bird four chambered heart warm blooded skin covered with feathers forelimbs adapted as wings hollow bones - reduces the bird’s weight so that flying is easier CLASS MAMMALIA - mammals • EX: kangaroo, mouse, bat, dog, cow, humans, fox, cat. • four chambered heart • warm blooded • skin covered with hair • modified sweat glands called mammary glands to produce milk Mammal Diversity Plecental mammal, Bear Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Mammal Diversity Marsupial Kangaroo Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Mammal Diversity monotreme Duck-billed platypus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.