Survey
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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have tissues • Embryos with ectoderm, endoderm. Diploblastic. Have epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea. • Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack ___________ • Small group: 100 species Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Have mouth and anal pore (complete digestive tract) • Have comblike plates of fused cilia, used to swim. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Many are ________________ Importance • Invasive species – North American comb jelly – About 10 cm in length – Predatory: eats small fish and fish larvae. • Introduced into Black Sea in ship ballast • Now in Caspian Sea, some in Mediterranean. Importance • Detected in 1982 • By 1989 was ____% of biomass in Black Sea • Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery there. Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish Eumetazoa: Bilaterian Acoelomates • Bilateral symmetry • Acoelomates: no body cavity, but 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) • Focus on Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • 20,000 species. Most (75%) are parasites. Others aquatic or soil terrestrial habitats Marine flatworm Planaria Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Dorsoventrally flattened • Body solid: only cavity is __________ • Gut is incomplete (1 opening). Digestion mainly intracellular. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Have head, organs. Pharynx: acts as mouth and anus Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Have excretory system (protonephridia, containing flame cells) • Control water content, excrete wastes thru excretory pore Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Lack ______________ system. All cells must be close to gut or epidermis to receive oxygen and food (gut highly branched to aid this) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Monoecious (hermaphroditic): make both eggs (in ovaries) and sperm (in testes). Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Class Trematoda (flukes) • Class Cestoda (tapeworms) Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Free-living. 4500 species. Ex, Dugesia (planarian) • In lab #6 • ___________ help them move • Have ocelli (eyespots), statocysts (detect gravity). Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Includes gorgeous free-living marine worms • • • • Class Trematoda (flukes) Parasites. >10,000 species named. Lack ____________ organs Have digestive system, ovary, testis. Oral sucker to hold onto host. Class Trematoda (flukes) • Life cycles complex. Often larvae in snails, may have intermediate host, adults in vertebrate host (usually) Class Trematoda (flukes) • Schistosomiasis: caused by blood fluke (Schistosoma) • About 1/20 of global human population infected • Kills 800,000 people/yr! Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • 3500 species named. • Intestinal parasites of vertebrate animals • Lack sense organs as adults, lack digestive systems. Absorb ________ from host thru worm’s body wall Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Scolex (head) with hooks, suckers to hang on • Proglottids: segments behind head Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • New proglottids produced by _________ just behind scolex • Each proglottid has testes, ovaries • Sperm exit genital pore of one proglottid and enter that of another Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Fertilized eggs stored in _________ of proglottid • Eventually proglottids break off and are passed out in feces Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Beef tapeworm: Adult in human intestine • Eggs passed, hatch, crawl on grass, eaten by cattle Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Larva encysts in beef, eaten by person • Becomes adult worm in small intestine. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Beef tapeworm (1% of U.S. cattle infected) A few too many tapeworms.... Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Tapeworm record (human): 10 m! • All time: whale tapeworm (30 m long) Pseudocoelomates • Have body cavity (no peritoneum) • Organs suspended in body cavity • Cavity filled with ______ under pressure. Gives shape to body, allows efficient movement Pseudocoelomates • Cavity provides: – 1) space for organs to grow or enlarge (stomach after meal) – 2) storage space (gametes, wastes) Pseudocoelomates • Lack circulatory system. Fluids moving in pseudocoel move materials about • Digestive tract ___________ (mouth, anus) Pseudocoelomates • • • • • Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) Phylum Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) Phylum Loricifera (loriciferans) several others Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Ubiquitous. 12,000 named species, barely explored. • Bilateral symmetry, unsegmented, ______ • Muscles run length of body (motion side-toside or whiplike) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Dioecious (separate male and female individuals) • Have excretory system: renette cells and collecting tubules Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Intestine, anus • Cuticle: flexible outer covering • Pharynx: muscular chamber • Excretory and genital pores Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 1) role in food chains – Abundant: spadeful of soil may contain 1 million nematodes – Widespread: Found in all __________ on Earth Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 2) human parasites – Ex, Trichinella (cause of trichinosis) – Juveniles burrow into host muscles (incl. heart muscle) – Commonly contracted by eating undercooked pork Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Trichinosis story – Common in wild animals, incl. polar bears – 1897: Swedish explorers in hydrogen balloon – Were stranded without supplies when balloon failed. Killed and ate polar bear, but raw since had no fire – Rescued, but _________ of trichinosis Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 2) human parasites – Ex, hookworms – Juveniles enter skin (often feet), reach lungs (gross part: being “coughed up”!), move to intestine – Affects about 25% of humans! Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 2) human parasites – Ex, pinworm – Live in large intestine (not too dangerous) – Grossest part: _________________ – Lesson: wash your hands after using the bathroom! Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 2) human parasites – Ex, elephantiasis – Juvenile worms carried by mosquito – Injected into host, mature in lymph nodes (lymph system drains fluids from tissues) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 2) human parasites – Ex, elephantiasis – Buildup of worms can clog lymph system, so fluid collects in body parts Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 3) plant pathogens – Some nematodes can cause severe crop damage Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: – 4) insect pathogens: useful for ___________ – Can infect some species of pest insects with nematodes (can kill in few days) Infected Colorado potato beetle Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • About 2000 species. Freshwater mostly. • Small (50-500 micrometers), multicellular • Corona on top of head. Cilia ring, used for feeding and locomotion. QuickTime™ and a Cine pak decomp ress or are nee ded to s ee this picture. Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • Some species lack males. Females lay eggs that develop into new females with no fertilization (___________________). Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • Importance: major group in freshwater systems (abundant and widespread) Coelomates: Mollusks and Annelids Coelomates (Eucoelomates) • Have body cavity • Peritoneum present: from mesoderm, • ______________ Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • Large: 110,000 described species (#2 behind arthropods!) • Bilateral symmetry • Body usually has calcareous shell, muscular foot, head Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • Mantle: fold of tissue that wraps around body. – Secretes shell – Gills are specialized mantle portion to extract oxygen from water • Organs: stomach, heart, gills, etc. Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • Often have radula in mouth • Usually ____________. Radula Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • Circulatory system open. Heart 3 chambers (2 collect blood from gills, one pumps to body) • Coelom is cavity around heart. Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • Excretory system: nephridia gather nitrogenous wastes from coelom, discharge them into mantle cavity. Can reabsorb valuable ___________ so they aren’t lost. Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) • • • • Class Bivalvia (bivalves) Class Gastropoda (gastropods) Class Polyplacophora (chitons) Class Cephalopoda (cephalopods)