Download Communication in general is process of sending and receiving

Communication
Non verbal
Communication
and use of
body language
Communication in general
is process of sending and
receiving messages that
enables humans to share
knowledge, attitudes, and
skills. Although we usually
identify communication with
speech, communication is
composed of two
dimensions - verbal and
nonverbal.
Non-verbal communication includes facial
expressions, eye contact, tone of voice,
body posture and motions, and positioning
within groups. It may also include the way
we wear our clothes or the silence we keep.
BODILY SPEAKING…
 According to the social
anthropologist, Edward
T. Hall, in a normal
conversation between
two persons, less than
35% of the social
meanings is actually
transmitted by words.
 So, at least 65% of it is
conveyed through the
body (non-verbal
channel).
Have you ever heard
anyone say, "His actions
spoke so loudly I couldn't
hear what he said?"
Categories
• Physical. This is
the personal type
of communication.
It includes facial
expressions, tone
of voice, sense of
touch, sense of
smell, and body
motions.
• Aesthetic. This is the type of communication that
takes place through creative expressions: playing
instrumental music, dancing, painting and
sculpturing.
Signs
Use of various signs in non verbal
communication
• Symbolic. This is the type of communication that
makes use of religious, status, or ego-building
symbols.
Physical Aspects of Non Verbal
communication.
• Kinesics (study of body language) Body motions such as shrugs,
foot tapping, drumming fingers, eye movements such as winking,
facial expressions, and gestures
• Proxemics (proximity) Use of space to signal privacy or attraction
• Haptics Touch
• Oculesics Eye contact
• Chronemics Use of time, waiting, pausing
• Olfactics Smell
• Vocalics Tone of voice, timbre, volume, speed
• Sound symbols Grunting, mmm, er, ah, uh-huh, mumbling
• Silence Pausing, waiting, secrecy
• Posture Position of the body, stance
• Adornment Clothing, jewellery, hairstyle
• Locomotion Walking, running, staggering, limping
Facial Expressions
• Face is the index
of Mind
• The eyes, the
lips and the
muscles express
many feelings
• It can also be
deceived by
manipulation
Let’s Examine How Body
Communicates, from head to toes
HEAD
- Nodding the head
- “Yes” in most societies
- “No” in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia,
Bulgaria, and Turkey
- Tossing the head backward
- “yes” in Thailand, the Philippines, India,
Rocking head slowly, back and forth
- “yes, I’m listening” in most Asian cultures
FACE
* Facial expressions reflect emotion,
feelings and attitudes, but…..
* The Asians are sometimes known as
- emotionless
- mixed-up emotion
The Eyes
• Stare or fixed gaze
suggest involvement
or wonder or eye
disapproval.
• Raised looks show
dominance.
• Downcast looks
suggest weakness and
submission
• Direct eye contact
communicates
honesty, transparency
and neutral attitude.
EYES
* Eye contacts
- Encouraged in America, Canada, Europe
- Rude in most Asian countries and in Africa
* Raising eyebrows
- “Yes” in Thailand and some Asian countries
- “Hello” in the Philippines
* Winking eye
- Sharing secret in America and Europe
- flirtatious gesture in other countries
EYES (Cont’d)
* Closed eyes
- bored or sleepy in America
- “I’m listening and concentrating.” in Japan,
Thailand, China
EARS
* Ear grasp
- “I’m sorry.” in parts of India
* Cupping the ear
- “I can’t hear you.” in all societies
* Pulling ear
- “You are in my heart” for Navajo Indians
NOSE
* Holding the nose
- “Something smells bad.” universal
* Nose tap
- “It’s confidential.” England
- “Watch out!” or "Be careful.” Italy
NOSE
* Pointing to nose
- “It’s me.” Japan
* Blowing nose
- In most Asian countries, blowing the
nose at social gathering is ‘disgusting.’
CHEEKS
* Cheek screw
- gesture of praise - Italy
- “That’s crazy.” Germany
* Cheek stroke
- “pretty, attractive, success” most Europe
THE LIP POINTING
* Lip pointing (a substitute for pointing with
the hand or finger) is common among
Filipinos, Native Americans, Ricans, and
many Latin Americans.
* Open mouth. Any display of the open
mouth is considered very rude in most
countries.
ARMS
* Some cultures, like the Italians, use the
arms freely. Others, like the Japanese,
are more reserved; it is considered
impolite to gesticulate with broad
movements of the arms.
* Folding arms are interpreted by some
social observers as a form of excluding
self, “I am taking a defensive posture,” or
“I disagree with what I am hearing.”
ARMS (Cont’d)
* Arms akimbo. In many cultures, this
stance signals aggression, resistance,
impatience, or even anger.
* Arms behind back, hands grasped is a
sign of ease and control.
* Arms in front, hands grasped, common
practice in most Asian countries, is a sign
of mutual respect for others.
HANDS
* Of all the body parts, the hands are
probably used most for communicating
non-verbally.
* Hand waves are used for greetings,
beckoning, or farewells.
HANDS
* The Italian “good-bye” wave can be
interpreted by Americans as the gesture of
“come here.”
* The American “good-bye” wave can be
interpreted in many parts of Europe and Latin
America as the signal for “no.”
HANDS (Cont’d)
* Beckoning.
* The American way of getting attention (raising
a hand with the index finger raised above
head) could be considered rude in Japan, and
also means “two” in Germany.
* The American “come here” gesture could be
seen as an insult in most Asian countries.
* In China, to beckon a waiter to refill your tea,
simply turn your empty cup upside down.
HANDS (Cont’d)
* Handshaking is a form of greeting in most
Western cultures.
* In the Middle East, a gentle grip is
appropriate.
* In most Asian cultures, a gentle grip and an
avoidance of direct eye contact is appropriate.
HANDS (Cont’d)
* Right hand. The right hand has special
significance in many societies. In certain
countries in the Middle East and in Asia, it
is best to present business cards or gifts,
or to pass dishes of food, to get an
attention, using only the right hand or both.
* Left hand is considered unclean in much
of the Middle East and in parts of
Indonesia.
HANDS (Cont’d)
* Hang loose. (thumb and little finger
extended)
* could convey different meanings:
* in Hawaii, it’s a way of saying, “Stay cool,” or
“Relax.”
* in Japan, it means six.
* In Mexico (do vertically), it means, “Would you
like a drink?”
HANDS (Cont’d)
* Clapping hands.
* Russians and Chinese may use applause to
greet someone.
* In many central and eastern Europe,
audience frequently clap in rhythm
FINGERS
* The “O.K.” signal. (the thumb and
forefinger form a circle) means
*
*
*
*
“fine,” or “O.K.” in most cultures,
“zero” or “worthless” in some parts of Europe
“money” in Japan
an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey,
Russia and some other countries
FINGERS (Cont’d)
* Thumb-up” means:
* “O.K.” “good job” or “fine” in most cultures,
* “Up yours!” in Australia
* “Five” in Japan; “One” in Germany
* Avoid a thumb-up in these countries:
Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Turkey,
Iran, Russia, and most African countries.
FINGERS (Cont’d)
* Pointing.
* Pointing with the index
finger is common in North
America and Europe.
* But it is considered impolite
in Japan and China where
they favor using the whole
open hand.
* Malaysians prefer pointing
with the thumb.
LEGS AND FEET
* In Asia, do not point with your toes.
* In Asia and some European countries,
putting feet up on a desk or any other
piece of furniture is very disrespectful.
* Sitting cross-legged, while common in
North America and some European
countries, is very impolite in other parts of
the world.
LEGS AND FEET (Cont’d)
* In most Asian countries, a solid and
balanced sitting posture is the prevailing
custom. Sitting cross-legged shows the
sign of
* In the Middle East and most parts of Asia,
resting the ankle over the other knee risks
pointing the sole of your shoe at another
person, which is considered a rude
gesture.
Gestures and Postures
Positive Gestures
•
•
•
•
Open Palms
Eye-to-eye confrontation
Smile
Equal Handshake
Postures
• Standing position
• Walking style
• Hand Movements
NONVERBAL
BEHAVIOR
Brisk, erect walk
INTERPRETATION
Confidence
Standing with hands on Readiness, aggression
hips
Sitting with legs
crossed, foot kicking
slightly
Boredom
Sitting, legs apart
Open, relaxed
Arms crossed on chest
Defensiveness
Walking with hands in
pockets, shoulders
hunched
Dejection
NONVERBAL
BEHAVIOR
INTERPRETATION
Hand to cheek
Evaluation, thinking
Touching, slightly
rubbing nose
Rejection, doubt, lying
Rubbing the eye
Doubt, disbelief
Hands clasped behind
back
Anger, frustration,
apprehension
Locked ankles
Apprehension
Head resting in hand,
eyes downcast
Boredom
Rubbing hands
Anticipation
Territory
• Intimate
– Touching
– 6-18”
• Personal
– Close -1½ to 2½
feet
– Far - 2½ to 4 ½
feet
• Social
– Close 4-7 feet
– Far - 7-12 feet
• Public
– Close - 12-25 feet
– Far - 25 feet or
greater
A Small Class Exercise
So What Does This Mean?
• Let me see!
• Authoritative
• Pondering
• Thinking
• Considering
So What Does This Mean?
• Can I help!
• Trust me!
• You’re in
good hands!
• Helping Hand
So What Does This Mean?
• Dejected
• Disappointed
• Lost it.
So What Does This Mean?
• Now just stop
that!
• Get out of
here!
• Defensive
• Oppositional
So What Does This Mean?
• So tell me
more!
• Open
• Accepting
• Welcoming
Conclusion
• Importance
• confidence-building
• expressions and
gestures
• awareness of nonverbal cues
• avoiding
misunderstandings
FOR ALL OF US…
Becoming sensitive to the clues of
body language can help us
communicate more effectively
Q
&
A
QUESTIONS
IF
ANY ?