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Living Psychology by Karen Huffman with Gary Piggrem PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 15: Living Psychology in a Global Economy Judith Phillips, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Lecture Overview Communication Leadership Persuasion Conflict Living Psychology- Improving Communication and Coping With Conflict ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Communication: Module 15.1 Communication: interdependent process of sending, receiving and understanding messages; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology The Communication process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7 important elements exist in all forms of communication: The sender (who initiates the message) and the receiver (for whom the message is targeted); The message, Encoding- what the sender does; Decoding- what the receiver does; Channels- the means by which the message is communicated; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Channels of information flow in 3 different directions: 6. 7. Noise- stimuli that interfere, Context- the environmental conditions surrounding the communication. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Non Verbal Communication: the process of sending and receiving messages through means other than words; • – – – Includes: Kinesics (gestures and body language); Proxemics (physical and personal space); Paralanguage (how words are spoken); ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Male/Female differences in communication ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Leadership: Leadership: • Module 15.2 using interpersonal influence to inspire or persuade others to support the goals and perform the tasks desired by the leader. 3 major leadership styles: trait, situational, functional; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology 1. • – – – Trait perspective- leadership results from specific inherited personality traits; These trait includeDrive, honesty and integrity; Expertise and leadership motivation; Flexibility (single most important trait); ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology • Charismatic leaders possess a compelling vision that transforms followers’ beliefs, values & goals; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology 2. • – Situational perspective: the environment (both time in history and needs of followers) produces the leader; 3 major styles found: Autocratic leader- makes all major decisions, assigns task to followers and demands full obedience; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology – – Democratic leader- encourages group discussion and group decision making; Laissez-faire leader- minimally involved with decision making & encourages workers to make their own decisions and manage themselves; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology 3. Functional perspective- emphasizes the behaviors that leaders exhibit which contribute to the group’s functioning; • 2 types: Task-oriented leader- helps a group complete a task or reach a goal; Relationship-oriented leader- helps maintain group morale, satisfaction and motivation; – – ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Leadership and Bases of Power ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Persuasion: Module 15.3 Persuasion: • – – – – communication intended to change attitudes; 4 major elements of persuasionWho- the source in communication; What- the communication message; To Whom- the audience; How- the channels and methods; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Several important elements of how: • • • • • repeated exposure classical conditioning foot in the door technique the door in the face- beginning with a very large request followed by a smaller request; low balling- getting someone to commit to an attractive proposal before revealing hidden costs; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology • bait & switch: offering an attractive proposal, then making it unavailable or unappealing and offering a more expensive alternative; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Routes to persuasion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Conflict: Module 15.4 Conflict: having to choose between 2 or more competing goals; Can be: • dysfunctional (destructive) or functional (constructive); intrapersonal or interpersonal; 2 major types of interpersonal conflict are substantive (deals with goals or means) or emotional (between individuals); • – ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Sources of conflict ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Living Psychology- Improving Communication and Coping With Conflict: Module 15.5 1. 2. Improving communication skills by overcoming 6 barriers that block communication: Physical distractions such as music and sounds; Perceptual set- readiness to perceive, based on expectations; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology 3. 4. 5. 6. Semantics- poor choice of words, use of emotionally charged words, and inappropriate use of technical jargon; Mixed messages; Status differences between communicating individuals; Communication overload; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Communication • • • skills and strategies for better communication: Know your audience; Use active and empathic listening; Ask for feedback; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology Conflict Resolution Skills 5 • • • • main approaches: Avoidance- pretending a conflict doesn’t exist; Accommodation- focusing on areas of agreement; Compromising, Authoritative command- an outside authority imposes a solution; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology • Collaboration- all parties problem solve and put their own interests behind them; ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Huffman: Living Psychology