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How Deaf People Communicate 2 Schools of Thought • MANUALISM • ORALISM Visual communication systems Deaf people should communicate like Hearing people Accepts Deaf people as visual communicators Uses speech, lipreading, and amplification No signs, fingerspelling, or gestures permitted Non-language Communication • FACIAL EXPRESSION • GESTURES Used with oralism Not a language – but can convey meaning Is a critical part of manualism Part of grammatical rules in ASL Used in manualism LIPREADING/ SPEECHREADING • Which school of thought? Oralism What is it? Watch speakers face to understand language. Follows English word order and grammar • PROBLEMS 30% of English visible on the lips People do not speak clearly Face must be well lighted and fully visible One must know English CUED SPEECH • Which school of thought? Oralism What is it? 8 specific handshapes and 6 postitions on the face to help lipreading. It follows English word order Problems with Cued Speech Is an Oral system Must Know English Very Few Hearing or Deaf People Know It FINGERSPELLING • Which school of thought? Manualism What is it? 22 handshapes + 2 movements = the alphabet • Problems? Must be able to spell Rochester Method • What is it? • Uses speech and amplification and fingerspelling to help with lipreading • Uses English language structure • Which school of thought? Oralism but uses visual clues Problems? Requires intense concentration Must be able to spell and use English AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE • Which school of • Problems thought? Not everyone knows it Manualism Must accept Deaf people What is it? as Deaf A separate language- It is not English-the completely visual dominant language Has own grammar and rules Used by most culturally Deaf people Not iconic Deaf people-created SIGNED ENGLISH • Which School of Thought? • Manualism • What is It? • A system of signs to show “English on the hands” • Follows English Language structure with all endings • Problems Few people use it well Makes changes to ASL which many Deaf people do not like ARE SIGNS THE SAME EVERYWHERE ??? “A” • No • Each country has own sign language “B” • There are also “regional signs” What is an Interpreter? • A person who knows 2 languages and has skills to assist people who only know 1 language. • Problems • 3rd person in conversation • How to find? • Cost • May not be available in an emergency Technology Used to Communicate (just 2 – you will learn much more!) • TTY (TDD) • CLOSED CAPTIONS • • • • Problems with TTD? Special equipment Must read English Be able to type Writing- using paper and pencil to communicate • Problems • Slow • Who carries these all the time? • Requires strong English background Total Communication • A PHILOSOPHY that allows Deaf people to communicate using ANY method that is comfortable for them- without the label of the “right” or “wrong” way Meeting Deaf People Tips for Communication • Face visible and well lighted • Make sure Deaf person is watching you • No gum/ don’t cover mouth • Don’t exaggerate mouth movements • Use gestures/ facial expressions • Be patient • Be yourself