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Essentials of Human Communication, 8th Edition Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter One: The Essentials of Human Communication This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: - any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; - preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; - any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter One Goals Use the essential elements and principles of human communication in your daily interactions Acknowledge the role of culture in all forms of communication Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.. Myths About Human Communication The more you communicate, the better your communication will be. When two people are in a close relationship, neither person should have to communicate needs and wants explicitly; the other person should know what these are. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Myths About Human Communication cont… Interpersonal or group conflict is a reliable sign that the relationship or group is in trouble. Like good communicators, leaders are born, not made. Fear of speaking in public is detrimental and must be eliminated. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Skills Self-presentation skills Relationship skills Interviewing skills Group interaction and leadership skills Presentation (public speaking) skills Media literacy skills Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Human Communication Intrapersonal – Talking with one’s self to better learn and judge self Interpersonal – – Interactions with a person with whom you have a relationship Learn and reveal about others and self Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Communication cont… Interviewing – – Communication that proceeds by question and answer A method of self-learning, gaining counsel, and achieving goals Small group/team – Working with others to solve problems, develop new ideas, and share knowledge and experiences Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Communication cont… Public – In public settings, people inform and persuade one another to act, buy, or think. Computer mediated – – – Communication that takes place through some kind of computer Examples: e-mail, instant messaging, and social networking sites Asynchronous Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Communication cont… Mass communication – – Communication from one source to many receivers Includes magazines, newspapers, radio, and television Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Communication Models and Concepts Linear model Shows communication as a process where you either speak or listen. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transactional Model Source-Receivers – Each person involved is both a source and a receiver Encoding–decoding Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Messages Can be verbal or nonverbal Feedforward Messages – – Feedback Messages – Phatic communication or small talk. Preliminary to actual messages Self-feedback v. feedback from others Metamessages – Communication about communication Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Workplace Messages Messages are often classified in terms of their direction – – – – Upward Communication: Employee to boss Downward Communication: Boss to employee Lateral Communication: Manager to Manager Grapevine Communication: Informal messages not yet made “official.” Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Communication Context Physical – Tangible or concrete environment Cultural – Includes lifestyles, beliefs, and behaviors affecting the communication Social-psychological – Status-relationship among the speakers. Temporal – Position of the message within a sequence of events. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Channel Face-to-Face Communication Computer-Mediated Communication Vocal Channel Visual Channel Olfactory Channel Tactile Channel Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Noise Physical – External Physiological – Barriers within the speaker or listener Psychological – Mental or internal Semantic – When the speaker and listener have different meaning systems (Jargon) Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal – Information one would find useful. Noise – Information that one would find useless. Noise can not be totally eliminated, but can be reduced by – – – Using more precise language Sharpening nonverbal skills Improving listening and feedback Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects For every communication act, there is some consequence. Cognitive Affective Psychomotor Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Principles of Communication Purposeful Ambiguous Involves content and relationships Has a power dimension Involves choices Punctuated Inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Human Communication Culture consists of the beliefs, ways of behaving, and artifacts of a group. Gender and changing gender roles Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Importance of Culture Demographic changes Increased sensitivity to cultural differences Economic interdependency Advances in communication technology Culture-specific nature of communication Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity-femininity Power distance Individualism-collectivism High and low context Indulgence and restraint Long- and short-term orientation Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Perspective Culture permeates all forms of communication Cultural differences exist across the communication spectrum Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnic Identity Your self-identity as a member of a cultural group Embracing the attitudes and beliefs of the group Behave as a member of the group and follow the customs Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnocentrism The tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters Evaluating your own culture as superior Can lead to viewing other cultures as inferior Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Ethnocentrism Continuum People are not either ethnocentric or nonethnocentric; most are somewhere in the middle. Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Communication Competence Your knowledge and understanding of how communication works Your ability to use communication effectively Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Competent Communicator… Thinks critically and mindfully Is culturally sensitive Is ethical Is an effective listener Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. End Show Copyright ©2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.