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Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 3 Communication and the Self Interplay Section 1 COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF-CONCEPT Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Communication and the Self-Concept Self-concept, defined: A relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Imagine a special mirror that reflect physical features and allow you to view other aspects of yourself. Reflection is your selfconcept. Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Communication and Self-Esteem Self-esteem, defined: Part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of selfworth. How does high or low selfesteem affect communication behavior? What do the authors mean by: “Although self-esteem has obvious benefits, it doesn’t guarantee interpersonal success”? Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. How the Self-Concept Develops Reflected appraisal, defined: A mirroring of the judgments of those around you. “Significant others” are people whose evaluations are especially influential. How is the self-concept formed through reflected appraisal? What are some potential pitfalls of reflected appraisal? Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Social Comparison Social comparison, defined: Evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others. Reference groups People we use to evaluate our own characteristics. How can social comparison give a person an overly positive or overly negative self-concept? Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Interplay Section 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF-CONCEPT Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Self-Concept is Subjective We inflate and/or underestimate our selfperception. How may an individual’s selfperception be influenced by: obsolete information? distorted feedback? the myth of perfection? social expectations? Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. A Healthy Self-Concept is Flexible Why must our selfconcept change in order to stay realistic? Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Self-Concept Resists Change Why do we resist revision of our selfperception? Cognitive conservatism, defined: Seeking information that conforms to an existing self-concept. Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Changing Our Self-Concept Four requirements: Trusting an appraisal by someone we see as competent to offer it. Appraisal must be perceived as highly personal. Appraisal must be reasonable in light of what we believe about ourselves. Appraisal must be consistent and numerous. Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Interplay Section 3 THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY AND COMMUNICATION Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication Self-fulfilling prophecy, defined: When a person expectations of an event, and her or high subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have true. Four stages: Holding an expectation (for yourself or for others) Behaving in accordance with that expectation The expectation coming to pass Reinforcing the original expectation Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Types of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Type #1: Self-imposed Your own expectations influence your behavior. Research: “Communicators who believed they were incompetent proved less likely than others to pursue rewarding relationships and more likely to sabotage their existing relationships.” Type #2: When a person’s expectations govern another’s actions, whether positive or negative. “Pygmalion” effect = positive “Golem” effect = negative Observer must communicate their belief for the prediction to have an effect. Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Changing Your Self-Concept Have realistic expectations. Have a realistic perception of yourself. Have the will to change. Have the skill to change. Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Interplay END OF SECTION CHAPTER CONTINUES IN PART TWO Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.