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1 Cartoon one What does this image tell us about communication? 2 Cartoon two What does this image tell us about communication? 3 Cartoon three What does this image tell us about communication? 4 What is theory? A theory is… • An idea, or group of ideas, that explains an event or phenomenon • A theory may be very long or quite brief • Many theories may exist about one event or phenomenon Adapted from an AUT University Communication Studies Dept teaching resource 5 What is communication theory? • In the early 1900s, communication theorist Harold Lasswell developed a basic model of communication, called the SENDER-MESSAGE-RECEIVER model (SMR model) • A model is a way of explaining a theory though diagram • Over time, this model was developed and expanded to include more components. • There are SIX important components to any communication model : Sender Channel Receiver Context Message Noise Adapted from an AUT University Communication Studies Dept teaching resource 6 Communication models Barker, L.L., & Gaut, D. A. (1996). Communication. (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. p. 13 7 More communication models DeVito, J., O’Rourke, S., & O’Neill, L. (2000). Human communication: The New Zealand edition. Auckland: Pearson. p. 9 8 Interpersonal communication is… “a transactional process of exchanging messages and negotiating meaning to convey information and to establish and maintain relationships” Wilson, G., Hantz, A., & Hanna, M. (1995). Interpersonal growth through communication. Wisconsin: Brown & Benchmark, p. 4 9 Barriers to communication Ellis and Thoreau (2004, see readings package pages 1-14) outline how barriers to communication can occur at every stage of the communication process: Ellis and Thoreau discuss a series of general barriers. Under each of these headings are many important specific barriers to communication that you need to be aware of. See their chapter for more detail. Sender/receiver – Barriers can occur in either the sender or the receiver and can include: • Psychological barriers like being inattentive to the sender; • Physical barriers within the sender/receiver like being tired or stressed • Past experiences/culture of the sender/receiver • Prejudices held by the sender/receiver Encoding/decoding – These barriers surround the interpretation of the message • Perhaps some of the words used aren’t clear • The sender/receiver may use slang that the other participants) do not understand • Participants may hold different meanings about certain concepts/words used 10 Barriers to communication Message – Some messages are difficult to listen to, some are culturally insensitive and some can be very complex and difficult to understand Channel – The channel can inhibit many barriers • Many people understand instructions better if they are written than if they are given orally • Vocal barriers often occur, like speaking too softly Feedback – Feedback is an important part of effective communication but can also harbour barriers • Barriers can occur if feedback is limited, inappropriate and/or receive in an ineffective way Context – The context of communication is susceptible to many barriers • The physical environment may be too hot, cold, noisy • Certain contexts require special protocols; if one participant does not understand these protocols barriers to communication can occur