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China
Unit VI
Dynastic Cycle
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Cycle was developed as Chinese
civilization developed
Based on the concept of the Mandate
of Heaven
• Divine right to rule; the gods bestowed
their power upon the ruling class; ruler
is the earthly representation of the ruler
The Mandate of Heaven
Generations go by…..
New dynasty becomes…..
Old Dynasty
• Taxes people too much
 Stops protecting people
 Lets roads and walls fall
apart
 Treats people unfairly
Old Dynasty
looses
Mandate of Heaven
Problems
Floods, earthquakes
Peasants revolt
Invaders attack empire
Bandits raid in provinces
New Dynasty claims
Mandate of Heaven
New Dynasty
Brings peace
Builds roads
Gives land to peasants
Protects people
The Mandate of
Heaven
Generations go
by…..
New dynasty
becomes…..
Chinese Dynasties
Shang Dynasty
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1650 B.C. – controlled part of
Northern China (small empire)
Emperor did not have much power or
control
• Clans (family groups) controlled much
of the land
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Society was – Merchants and Peasant
farmers
Zhuo Dynasty – 1027 B.C.
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Overthrew Shang Dynasty – told the
people that the Shang’s had angered the
gods and they were now the rulers
• Established the Mandate of Heaven
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Progress made under the Zhuo Dynasty:
complex religion, system of writing, first
books, produce bronze and make detailed
figurines, discovered silk how to make
silk threads, astronomical advancement –
record eclipses of the sun, accurate
calendar
China under the Zhuo becomes
a Zoo:
1. Many Wars
2. Economic changes
3. Social Changes
People search for answers….
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Philosophers answer there questions:
• Confucius – filial piety
• Legalism - law
• Daoism – harmony with nature
Confucianism
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Relationships
• Superior to Inferior
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Ruler, husband, father, elder brother
Subject, Wife, son, younger brother
• Superior – takes care of and sets good
example
• Inferior – owes loyalty and obedience
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Ancestor worship – filial piety
Legalism and Daoism

Legalism –
• Strict laws and harsh punishments to
keep subjects in line
• Enforced emperor’s power
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Daoism – live in harmony with
nature
• Best government was one that governed
the least
• Flower Child Kind of thinking
Effects on Society
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Confucianism taught people how to
behave
Legalism punished those who would
not do their duty
Daoism affected people’s view of
nature
Qin Dynasty – 221 B.C.
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Cruel emperor – jailed,
tortured, killed those who
did not support him
Made standard
measurement – trading
improved, created national
coins, repaired canals and
roads
GREAT WALL!!!!!
• Keep out foreign invaders
Han Dynasty – 206 B.C. to 220
A.D.
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Reduced taxes
Developed a civil service exam – decided
who would get government jobs
Most advanced civilization of its time
• Paper making, wheelbarrow, acupuncture,
built temples and palaces, art out of jade and
ivory
• Open a trade route to connect with the west
– Silk Road
Tang and Song Dynasty
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China’s Golden Age – becomes rich
and powerful
Developed a social class system
• Merchants – low status because they
made money off of other people’s work
• Peasants – work the land and live in
small villages
• Gentry – wealthy landowners, study
Confucian ideas, civil servants
Tang and Song Advancements
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Porcelain, improved irrigation,
moveable type, paper money, pasta,
gunpowder
Improved trade – roads and
transportation, connections with
other countries
Mongols
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Ghehgiz Khan – fierce conqueror and
ruler, built the largest empire in the
world
Came from the deserts north of
China
His heirs established peace and order
in the empire and gained control of
the Silk Road, allowing cultural
diffusion to take place
Yuan Dynasty – 1279 to 1367
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Mongols conquer to Song dynasty
and set up rule – Kublai Khan
Improved: transportation,
encouraged trade, created an
efficient mail system
Mongolians and Chinese were kept
separate – Mongols got the
government jobs, military positions,
etc. (Chinese people – lower jobs)
Ming Dynasty – 1368 -1515
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Restored Chinese rulers to the throne –
Kicked out the Mongols
Brought back civil service exams,
Confucian learning, improved the
economy, improved the government,
improved the cities and developed
industries, advances in arts and literature
1433 – Chinese people are forbidden to
have contact with the rest of the world
• Goes to the idea of Middle Kingdom -
Manchu Dynasty – 1520 – 1850s
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Limit European traders, reject foreign
goods and refuse treaties.
1800s nations looked to China for new
markets and for goods – China wouldn’t
cooperation so they DRUGED them
• Opium War 1839 – China had to pay
reparations and open ports to British trade
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China saw western ideas as a threat to
their traditional ways and culture
Weak Government – Rebellions
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Chinese rulers to weak and corrupt
• Loosing the mandate and ready for a new
ruler
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Taiping Rebellion – 1840s
• Lead by a Chinese man in southern China
• Peasants banded together to overthrow the
government
• Chinese government had help from the
French and British
• After 14 years the rebellion was put down –
much of the farmland ruined and 20 million +
were dead
Clinging to Tradition
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External forces (British and French) and
internal forces (rebellion) were squeezing
the Chinese government
Chinese government refused to change
and clung to tradition
Began to build military – warships and
munitions
Overall China very weak and vulnerable
to FOREIGN POWER
Spheres of Influence
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European countries controlled investment
and trade in regions of China – sphere of
influence
U.S. afraid that they would be shut off
from China – established Open Door
Policy (equal access to all markets of all
countries)
CHINA DOMINATED BY FOREIGNERS
Chinese Pride
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Chinese begin to resent foreign influence
and special privileges
Peasants formed a secret group called
the Boxers – Society of Harmonious Fists
Boxers campaign – Boxer Rebellion
• Rid China of all foreigners and their Chinese
sympathizers
Boxer Rebellion
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1900 surrounded a Beijing European
Section of town
• Driven out by the foreign military
• Resulted in a strong sense of nationalism in
the Chinese
• Resulted in reforms and progress for a time
period
China since Mao
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Deng Xiaoping’s 4 Modernizations
• Agriculture
• Expanding Industry
• Developing Science and Technology
• Upgrading Defense Forces
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Deng’s Responsibility System
• Subsistence Farming
• Some freedoms of choice
Economy
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Focused on Consumer Goods
Production
• Introduced Responsibility System to
Industry
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China’s Economy boomed
• Fasted growing economy
• 2022 2nd largest economy in world
Breaking Isolation
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Foreign trade and investment
allowed – needed to modernize
China a member of the global
economy
China’s Challenges
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Population
Human Rights
Modernization
Influence of West
Human Rights
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Women
Freedoms/Militant enforcement
Treatment of Prisoners
One-Child Policy
Modernization
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China and the 21st century
Pollution
Changing roles in society
Influence of the West
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Investment of foreigners
Democracy
UN and Human Rights
United States
2008 Olympics
Capitalism