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Chapter 15
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)
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Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han
dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China,
initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects
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Military labor
Conscripted labor
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The Grand Canal
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Intended to promote trade between north and south China
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Linked network of earlier canals
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Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
2000k (1240 miles)
Roads on either bank
Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century
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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
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Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618
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Tang Dynasty initiated
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Tang Taizong
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Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take
throne
Strong ruler
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Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation of earlier Sui
policies
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Major achievements of Tang Dynasty
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Transportation and communications
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Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field System
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20% of land hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
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Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century
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Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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Bureaucracy of Merit
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Imperial civil service examinations
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Confucian educational curriculum
Some bribery, nepotism
But most advance through merit
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Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early 20th century
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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign
Relations
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Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its
history
Established tributary relationships
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Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
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The kowtow ritual
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The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
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Tang Decline
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Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music,
favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military
commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last
emperor abdicates 907
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
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Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)
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Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
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The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Weaknesses
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Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
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Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
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Lacked military training
Unable to contain nomadic attacks
Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern
China (Southern Song)
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Agricultural Economies of the Tang
and Song Dynasties
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Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops
per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
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Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming
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Population Growth
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120
100
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80
Result of increased
agricultural production
Effective food distribution
system
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60
Millions
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Transportation networks
built under Tang and Song
dynasties
20
0
600
CE
1000
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Urbanization
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Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million
residents
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Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million
Several cities over 100,000
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Patriarchal Social Structures
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Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
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Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors
Footbinding gains popularity
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Increased control by male family members
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Footbinding
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Technology and Industry
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Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal,
in furnaces
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Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
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Agricultural tools, weaponry
Moveable type by mid-11th century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier
Naval technology
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Emergence of a Market Economy
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“Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with
copper coin shortages
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Development of independently produced paper money
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Promissory notes, checks also used
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in
11th century
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China and the Hemispheric Economy
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Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods
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Cultural Change in Tang and Song
China
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Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear
Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
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Dunhuang
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Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China
(Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
Buddhist temples, libraries
Economic success as converts donate land holdings
Increase popularity through donations of agricultural
produce to the poor
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
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Buddhism:
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Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
Confucianism:
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Emphasis on Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
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Celibacy
isolation
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Text-based (Confucian
teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics,
politics
Family-centered
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Procreation
Filial piety
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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
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Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
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Accommodated family lifestyle
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Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead
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Persecution of Buddhists
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Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
temples, expulsions
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Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic
landholdings
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Neo-Confucianism
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Song dynasty refrains from persecuting
Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer
Popular to 20th century
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China and Korea
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Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea
recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal statue, but highly
independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
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China and Vietnam
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Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination
Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
10th century
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China and Early Japan
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Chinese armies never invade Japan
Yet Chinese culture pervasive
Imitation of Tang administration
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Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan”
(710-794 CE)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Yet retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
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Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
Fujiwara clan
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Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne
Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Japanese Literature
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Influence of Chinese kanji characters
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Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet
Court life: The Tale of Genji
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Written by woman with weak command of Chinese,
becomes classic of early Japanese literature
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Institution of the Shogun
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Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in
12th century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
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Medieval Japan
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Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi
(1336-1573 CE) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
Military authority in hands of samurai
Professional warriors
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