Download CHAPTER 8 THE ASIAN WORLD

CHAPTER 8
THE
ASIAN
WORLD
SECTION 1
The Sui Dynasty
• For 300 yrs. Following the end of the Han
dynasty, chaos and civil war reigned.
• 581-618
• Able to reunify China.
• Sui Yangdi completed Grand Canal linking
the Yellow (Huang He) & Yangtze (Chang
Jiang) Rivers. Used forced labor to build
canal. Easier to ship rice.
• Cruel ruler. Made people pay high taxes.
Lived extravagantly. Military failures.
Murdered.
The Tang Dynasty
• 618-907
• Reformers. Restored civil service
examinations & gave land to peasants.
• Brought peace to NW China & extended
control into Tibet.
• Set up trade & diplomatic relations with SE
Asia.
• Struggles for control & government corruption.
• Uighurs, Turk-speaking warriors hired to fight
but overthrew the Tang ruler in 907.
The Song Dynasty
• 960-1279
• China was prosperous, and there were
many cultural achievements.
• Uighurs, forced the Song rulers to move
the capital from Changan to Hangzhou.
Lost control of Tibet.
• Formed an alliance with the Mongols.
• Mongols overthrew the Song dynasty.
Government and the Economy
• Government was a monarchy with a large
bureaucracy. Divided into provinces,
districts, and villages. Based on
Confucian principles.
• Economy still based on farming. Put more
land into peasants hands. Improved
farming techniques led to an abundance of
food.
• Steel used to make swords & sickles.
Cotton used to make clothes. Gunpowder
used to make explosives & a flamethrower
(firelance).
• Trade revived. Silk Road renewed & trade
between China & SW Asia thrived.
• Chinese exported: tea, silk, & porcelain.
• Chinese imported: exotic woods, precious
stones, & various tropical goods.
Chinese Society
• Rich had very enjoyable lifestyle: played cards &
chess.
• Block printing invented allowing people to
communicate in new ways.
• Scholar-gentry class emerged. Provided most of
the civil servants. Became the political elite in
society.
• Females were considered less desirable than
male children. During famines, female infants
were often killed. Parents had to give a dowry
when their daughter was married. Some sold
daughters to wealthy villagers.
SECTION 2
The Mongol Empire
• Nomads, who were organized in clans from
modern-day Mongolia.
• Temujin unified them in 1206. Named
Genghis Khan “universal ruler”. Devoted to
conquering other lands. Created largest
empire in history. Died in 1227.
• Sons divided empire into khanates.
• Defeated Persia, Abbasids, & the Song
dynasty.
• Learned about gunpowder & fire-lance.
Developed into handgun & cannon.
The Mongol Dynasty in China
• In 1279, Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan’s
grandson, conquered China. Created Yuan
dynasty. Capital was named Khanbaliq
(Beijing).
• Continued to expand empire. Tactics not
effective in tropical & hilly regions.
• Mongols adopted Chinese political systems
& used Chinese bureaucrats. Mongols held
the highest positions. Chinese respected the
stability & prosperity brought by the Mongols.
• Marco Polo lived in Khanbaliq during this
time.
• Too much money spent on foreign conquests
as well as internal instability & corruption led
to an overthrow by a peasant named Zhu
Yuanzhang. Set up the Ming dynasty.
Religion and Government
• Buddhism was brought to China by merchants &
missionaries.
• Buddhist & Daoists became advisors at court.
• By the end of the Tang dynasty, Buddhism &
Doaism had lost support. Believed to be a foreign
religion.
• Government now supported Confucianism. Taught
that the world is real, not an illusion, and that
fulfillment comes from participation in the world, not
from withdrawal. A material & spiritual world. The
goal of humans should be to move beyond the
material world to reach union with the Supreme
Ultimate.
A Golden Age in Literature & Art
• Printing made literature more available &
popular.
• Tang dynasty known as the great age of
poetry. Li Bo (nature) & Duo Fu (social
injustice & plight of the poor) were 2 popular
poets.
• Daoism influenced artists. Painted nature &
people as insignificant in the midst of nature.
• Ceramics- perfected making porcelain.
SECTION 3
The Geography of Japan
• Japan is a chain of many islands.
• It is mountainous with only 20% of farmable
land.
• They developed many unique qualities.
• Believed that they had a destiny separate
from the peoples on the mainland.
The Rise of the Japanese State
• The early Japanese settled along the Yamato
Plain, near Osaka & Kyoto.
• Society made up of clans. Small class of
aristocratic class (rulers) & large class of rice
farmers, artisans, & household servants.
• Yamato clan became ruler of Japan. Other
families still competed for power.
• Shotoku Taishi united the clans to resist a
Chinese invasion. Learned how the Chinese
organized their government. He created a
centralized government that limited the
powers of aristocrats & increased the ruler’s.
• Ruler portrayed as a divine figure & the
symbol of the Japanese nation.
• Divided into administrative districts. Tax
system set up & paid to the government.
Farmland belonged to the state.
• Taishi died in 622.
• Fujiwara clan took control. Capital now at
Nara. Emperor used the title “son of
Heaven”. Aristocrats took money for
themselves.
• 794, moved capital to Heian (Kyoto). Power
resided with Fujiwara clan. Government
became decentralized. Aristocrats hired
warriors, samauri’s (“those who serve”) to
protect their security & property. Lived by the
Bushido (“way of the warrior”).
• Minamoto Yoritomo set up his power in
present day Tokyo. Centralized government
under a shogun (general), who had the real
power. Called shogunate. Defeated the
Mongols. Overthrown by Ashikaga family.
• 14th & 15th century had the aristocrats
gaining power. Daimyo (“great names”)
controlled vast landed estates. Relied on
samurai for protection.
• Onin War (1467-1477). Kyoto virtually
destroyed. Central authority disappeared.
Aristocrats ruled as independent lords and
were at constant warfare.
Life in Early Japan
• Economy based on farming. Grew wet rice.
Traded China & Korea raw materials,
paintings, swords, other manufactured items
for silk, porcelain, books, & copper coins.
• Women- right to inherit property; could
divorce & remarried if abandoned; certain
level of inequality. Artistic & literary talents.
• Men- divorce women if they didn’t produce a
male child, committed adultery, talked too
much, was jealous, or had serious illness.
• Early Japanese worshipped spirits, kami.
Lived in trees, mountains, & rivers.
Ancestors. Became a state religion known
as Shinto, “the Sacred Way”. Believed in the
divinity of the emperor & sacredness of the
Japanese nation.
• 6th century, Buddhism was brought from
China. Zen Buddhism believed that there
were different ways to achieve
enlightenment.
• Women were the most productive writers.
• Japanese art, architecture, & landscape was
an important means of expression.
The Emergence of Korea
• Korea is relatively mountainous. Influenced
by China & Japan. Came under control of
Chinese.
• Separate kingdoms emerged: Koguryo,
Paekche, & Silla. Rivals. Silla gained control
and then the king was assassinated. Civil
war followed.
• 10th century, Koryo dynasty lasted 400 yrs.
Adopted Chinese political institutions.
• 13th century, Mongols seized northern part
of Korea. Forced them to make ships for
Kublai Khan.
• 1392, Yi Song-gye, a military commander,
seized power and founded the Yi dynasty.
SECTION 4
The Decline of Buddhism
• Buddhism remained popular among Indian
people. People began to interpret his
teachings in different ways. Resulted in a
split.
• Theravada (“teachings of the elders”)
Following the original teachings of Buddha. It
was a way of life, not religion. Believed that
nirvana was a release from the “wheel of life”
and could be achieved through an
understanding of one’s self.
• Mahayana was a religion, not a philosophy.
Believed Buddha was divine, not just a wise
man. Nirvana was not just a release from
the “wheel of life”, but a true heaven. You
could achieve it through devotion to Buddha.
• Buddhism declined & Hinduism and Islam
became more popular.
• Buddhism became popular in China, Korea,
SE Asia, and Japan
The Eastward Expansion of Islam
• Islam becomes popular in NW India. India is
mostly Hindu, but Pakistan & Bangladesh is
Islamic.
• Arabs reached India in the 8th century.
Expansion began again in 10th century and
founded Ghazni (Afghanistan). Rajputs
(Hindu warriors) resisted but were not match.
• By 1200, Muslims conquered the entire plain
of northern India and created a new Muslim
state known as Sultanate of Delhi.
The Impact of Timur Lenk
• Late 14th century, Sultanate of Delhi declined.
• Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) raided the capital of
Delhi and killed 100,000 Hindu prisoners.
• During the 1380s, he conquered the entire
region east of the Caspian Sea and then
occupied Mesopotamia.
• Died in 1405 during a military campaign.
Islam and Indian Society
• Muslims kept a strict separation between
themselves and the Hindu population.
• Realized that they couldn’t convert them all,
so they tolerated the Hindu’s religion.
• They did impose many Islamic customs on
Hindu society.
• Their relationship was marked by suspicion
and dislike.
Economy and Daily Life
• Between 500-1500, most Indians lived on the
land & farmed their own tiny plots.
• They paid a share of their harvest to the
landlord, who sent part of it to the ruler.
• Wealthy lived in the city. Agriculture was a
source of wealth.
• Fighting among states caused trade within
India to decline.
• Foreign trade remained high because of
India’s location.
The Wonder of Indian Culture
• Between 500-1500, architecture & literature
flourished.
• 8th century on- built monumental Hindu
temples. Of the 80 built, 20 are still standing
today.
• Prose literature developed in 6th & 7th
centuries. Dandin wrote “The Ten Princes”.
He created a fantastic world, combining
history & fiction.
SECTION 5
The Land and People of Southeast Asia
• SE Asia is the region between China & India.
Composed of 2 parts: 1. mainland region,
Chinese border to the tip of the Malay
Peninsula. 2. Archipelago, or a chain of
islands. Present-day Indonesia & the
Philippines.
• SE Asia is a melting pot of peoples.
• Several mountain ranges posed geological
barriers that separated the people.
The Formation of States
• Between 500-1500 several states developed.
• Vietnam- 10th century, overthrew the Chinese.
Vietnamese adopted Chinese model of
centralized government, Confucianism, court
rituals, & civil service exams. Called itself Dai
Viet (Great Viet). 1600, had expanded to Gulf of
Siam.
• Cambodia- (Angkor/Khmer Empire)
Jayavarman united the Khmer people &
crowned god-king. He set up the capital at
Angkor Thom. Thai destroyed the capital and
they set up a new capital near Phnom Penh.
• Beginning in the 11th & 12th century, Thai
came into conflict with Angkor. Set up capital
in Ayutthaya. Major force in the region for
400 yrs. Converted to Buddhism & borrowed
Indian political practices. Created unique
culture that became Thailand’s culture.
• Burmans migrated from the highland of Tibet
to the valleys of Salween & Irrawaddy River.
Nomads who adopted farming. Created
kingdom of Pagan. Converted to Buddhism &
borrowed Indian political institutions and
culture. Active in sea trade. Mongol attacks
caused their decline.
• Malay Peninsula & Indonesian Archipelago were
never united as a single state. 8th century, Srivijaya
dominated the trade route and Sailendra was
based on farming. Both were influenced by Indian
culture.
• Majapahit was the greatest empire the region had
ever seen. Most of the archipelago & perhaps parts
of the mainland were united under 1 ruler.
• Melaka, an Islamic state, became a major trading
port in the region and chief rival of Majapahit.
• Nearly all the people of the region were converted
to Islam and became part of the Sultanate of
Melaka.
Economic Forces
• SE Asia states divided into 2 groups:
agricultural & trading societies.
• Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan, & Sailendra
depended on farming.
• Srivijaya & Sultanate of Melaka depended on
trade.
• Demand for spices added to amount of trade
in the region.
Social Structures
• Hereditary aristocrats were top of the social
ladder. Held both political power and
economic wealth. Lived in major cities.
• Rest of population consisted of farmers,
fishers, artisans, & merchants.
• Women had more rights than they did in
China & India. Worked along side of men in
the fields.
Culture and Religion
• Chinese culture influenced Vietnam.
• Indian culture influenced other areas of SE
Asia. Architecture influenced the temple of
Angkor Wat.
• Hinduism & Buddhism was introduced but
did not replace existing beliefs. They
blended with new faiths.
• Theravada Buddhism spread rapidly
because it taught people could seek nirvana
on their own, without the need for
priests/rulers. Also tolerated local gods.