Download Chapter 2 Early Civilizations

Chapter 2
Early River Valley Civilizations
Early River Valley Civilizations



Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia (“Cradle of
Civilization”)
Between Tigris & Euphrates – Iraq
Problems:



Unpredictable flooding
No natural barriers for protection
Natural resources limited
Mesopotamia cont.

Solutions:




Irrigation ditches
Mud brick defensive walls
Traded grain, cloth, tools with others for raw
materials (wood, stone)
Organized into city-states


Dynasty (single family of rulers)
Cultural diffusion – spread of ideas to other cultures
Other Empires





Polytheistic – belief in many gods
Sargon – Akkadians conquered Sumer
Adopted many aspects of culture
First empire – brings several groups under
one ruler
Babylonians – Hammurabi


Hammurabi’s Code – “eye for an eye”
First written code of law
Egypt



Nile River – “gift” of the Nile; regular
flooding left fertile soil
Predictable but changes led to drought or
flood
Upper & Lower Egypt


Flows north; delta
Unifying factor, transportation and
communication
Egypt


Pharaohs ruled as gods; theocracy
Belief in afterlife; built pyramids



Mummification
Economic strength, technology, public
works, strong government
Polytheistic
Egypt




Women had many rights
Writing – hieroglyphics; developed
papyrus (paper from plant)
Calendar, engineering, architecture,
medicine, surgery
http://www.history.com/videos/how-tomake-a-mummy
Egypt




Invaders weakened Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom (2,000 – 1,600 BC) –
restored prosperity
Didn’t last – Hyksos took over
Rosetta Stone – interpreted hieroglyphics
Indus Valley




Indian subcontinent
Indus River and Ganges River
Seasonal monsoons (winds) bring dry air
but also moist air – flooding
Floods brought rich soil but were
unpredictable
Indus




Mohenjo-Daro
Harappa – planned city; brick buildings,
grid pattern, plumbing, sewage
Peaceful, no sharp class differences
Collapsed around 1500 BC – possibly
earthquakes; changed flow of rivers
Section 4 - China



Isolated – deserts, mountains, ocean
surround
Huang He (Yellow) & Chang Jiang
(Yangtze) Rivers; floods
Shang – 1600 BCE – 1000 BCE - first
dynasty to leave written records; used
wood, not mud-brick; walled cities; bronze
– frequently at war
China cont.




Importance of group, not individual
Family & respect important
Writing – symbols stood for ideas, not sounds;
so many different spoken languages
Zhou dynasty – 1000 – 200 BCE -took over but
adopted Shang features; 800 years (longest),
iron, use of slaves (Confucianism and Daoism)
China, cont.





Mandate of heaven – new theory that rulers got
authority to rule from heaven; divine rule
Dynastic Cycle – rise, decline, replacement cycle (p. 54
chart)
Feudalism – lords & nobles use king’s land in exchange
for service
Nobles protected rulers & peasants – got much power
over time and fought constantly
Zhou collapsed around; chaos & war; love or order,
harmony, respect, traditional values collapsed