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China/Japan/India Sui/Tang/Song-China Fujiwara-Japan Delhi Sultanate-India China Refinement of a Chaotic China China Frank: It's the same old story. Boy finds girl, boy loses girl, girl finds boy, boy forgets girl, boy remembers girl, girls dies in a tragic blimp accident over the Orange Bowl on New Year's Day. Jane: Goodyear? Frank: No, the worst. Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.) The Sui Dynasty reunified China and its boarders and later expand China A strong military helped to stabilize China The Sui developed a code of laws The Sui also introduced written examinations for Confucian students for civil service appointments The Tang would take this new found stability and improve upon it and China The Grand Canal Dug between 605 and 609 C.E. Took an enormous amount of labor to build the canal The canal extended almost 1,200 miles linking the Yangzi Valley to Beijing The canal allowed for extended trade, a long distance supply route for the army and government control of the wealth in the Yangzi Valley Tang Dynasty The Tang (618-906 C.E.) Expanded China into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea The Tang enforced a tribute system for areas that it controlled Developed and efficient government based on the teaching of Confucius and educational system for the elite Tang Economy With the Reunification of the country Opening of the Grand Canal linking north and south Expansion of the Central Asian Silk Route Expansion of sea routes Lead to great prosperity in China under the Tang Class Question How does this increase in trade effect China? The countries China trades with? What major concept is a by-product of trade? Tang Economy Tea Went from being a herb for keeping people awake to becoming a major item of trade Silk Made China extremely wealthy Remained a secret to only the Chinese Greater trade networks allowed for more demand across the world for silk Tang Foreigners Due to extensive trade and open ports foreigners were common in China Foreign religions like Islam, Judaism, Christianity, were practiced in China Foreign Influences like Silver-smithing, music and new technologies were introduced Tang Society The Tang remained an aristocratic society Most bureaucrats came from elite families who could afford to send their sons to school to be educated Educated men wrote poems and some of the greatest Chinese poets were of this time like Du Fu Tang Emperor Xuanzong Welcomed Buddhist and Daoist to court Conducted great ceremonies Established a poets society Created imperial parks Tang Class Question What does Emperor Xuanzong’s legacy say about China under the Tang Dynasty? Tang The end of the Dynasty By the 800’s military failures on the frontiers, peasant revolts, caused the Dynasty to break apart By 906 C.E. the Dynasty did fall and China did split itself into several different nation states This would last from 1000 C.E. to 1200 C.E. until the Song Dynasty reunited China Tang Conclusion The Tang Dynasty had developed art, architecture, science, philosophy, silk weaving, transportation systems, and most importantly poetry China under the Tang had become a Classical Empire to rival the later empires of Europe Song Ruled central China from the Yellow River to Vietnam Lasted until 1279 C.E. The Song Empire was marked by a series of wars and alliances Between 916-1110’s the Song paid tribute to the Liao who were north of the Song In 1110’s the Song made and alliance with the Jurchens who were on the northern side of the Liao The Liao were trapped between the Song and the Jurchen and the Liao were destroyed The Jurchen (Jin) and the Song proclaimed victory and the Song had to retreat at the threat of the Jin Song Society Steady population growth Urbanized society Cities with one million inhabitants Port of canton became the largest seaport in the world Strong ties with Japan and Korea Song Economics Received goods from merchants all over the world Japan Korea Southeast Asia Malaysia India Traded silk with the world Song Technology One of if not the most advanced societies in the world at that time Mathematics Astronomy Accurate clocks Working compass at sea Gunpowder Paper currency Block printing Song Religion Revival of Confucianism This helped unify a politically unstable China by creating Hierarchy Social stratification Obedience Acknowledged the importance of education Rigorous civil service exams New form of Buddhism (Chan) Stressed the idea of meditation Song Women Confucianism was used as a justification of subordination Arranged marriages Women needed to have dowries Foot-binding The practice of keeping women’s feet bound to keep them dainty Most women were crippled by the practice Feet were bound at birth and while the rest of the body grew the feet did not The practice was very painful for women This practice would continue until the 1900’s Song Women Lower class women had more freedom then upper class women Still secondary to men Could inherit property Could divorce Song Fall of the Song While the Song enjoyed peace and prosperity its weak military could not hold off the Jurchan (Jin) Finally in 1279 C.E. the Mongols invaded China and the Song Dynasty fell The Mongols would establish the Yuan Dynasty until 1368 C.E. Song Conclusion The Song had developed a large trade and city system in China The Song had also developed a large seafaring trade system and the largest port in the world The Song spread Chinese influence across Asia by the means of literature which would influence Japan and Korea Japan Japan Japan consist of four main islands off the coast of Asia Because Japan was an island nation it was relatively isolated with limited exchange of ideas and goods Little is known of Japan prior to 400 C.E. Japan was influenced by China and Korea The Yamato Clan was the first and only clan to rule Japan (They still rule today) Japan Shinto “The way of the gods” Worshipped kami Nature and all the forced of nature seen and unseen Under Shinto the idea is to become one with kami Uses ritual and customs Encourages obedience and proper behavior The belief that the emperor was a descendent of the sun god-thus divine Japan Chinese Influence The Chinese had a tremendous influence on Japanese Art Architecture Literature Religion Both Confucianism and Buddhism arrived in Japan by the 700’s Japan soon became the center for Eastern Asia study of Buddhism Most Japanese adopted Buddhism while still practicing Shinto Japan Japan borrowed the legal codes of the Tang Dynasty called the Taika Reforms Japan also built their capital city modeled after the Tang Capital However the Japanese rejected Confucianism and the civil service exams Japan Class Question Why would the Japanese reject Confucianism and the civil service exams? Japan It placed too much importance on education. In Japan your rank at birth was more important to your status as a person Class systems in Japan were based on heredity Japan The Fujiwara By the early 800’s the Emperor wanted to break free of the Buddhist influence The capital was moved to Heian Japanese consciousness developed Aristocratic families began to increase One aristocratic family who through intermarriages with the emperors families gained power were the Fujiwara Japan Fujiwara Began to run the affairs of the country Power shifted from the emperor to the Fujiwara family The emperor was seen as only a figurehead Under the Fujiwara there was Golden Age of Japanese Art, literature Women were also seen as having rank in Japan Some women were nobles Japan Taira-Minamoto War While the Fijiwara had increased Japanese culture they had neglected the military They had delegated military matters to various clans These clans became powerful and began fighting for land and power A civil war broken out between two of the strongest clans Taira Minamoto The Taira at first won and controlled the government however the Minamoto rose up, defeated the Taira in a five year civil war and took control of the government calling it a Shogunate Japan However by the 12th century with the large influx of noble families everyone was fighting for land in Japan Japan would develop a feudal system like Europe Japan Feudal System The feudal system in Japan developed at the same time as the feudal system in Europe-however neither had knowledge of the other As stated before the Emperor was only a figurehead In 1192 Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Shogun or chief general Below the Shogun were the daimyo Below the Shogun were the Samurai Below the Samurai were the Peasants Japanese Classes Samurai Daimyo Shogun Ashikaga Takauji 1305 - 1358 Feudal Japan v. Feudal Europe Japan Emperor –figurehead Shogun King –usually a figurehead Lord-L Warriors who held small pieces of land Peasants Landowner Samurai with noble blood Samurai Europe Chief General Daimyo Enough said Knights Large landowner Noble blood Warriors who held small pieces of land Peasants Enough said Feudal Japan v. Feudal Europe Similarities Peasants Worked to support the upper classes Each hierarchy was based on land for loyalty exchange Differences Women in Japan were treated with higher respect-some were nobles The land ownership contract in Europe was based on law The land ownership contract in Japan was based on group identity and loyalty I am what I am a samurai and I know my place in society Both systems were based on culture Japan Important Shogunates Kamakura Shogunate 1200-1300 Kept Khubiliai Khan’s Yuan China from invading Japan Ashikaga Shogunate 1336-1573 Developed a strong sense of Japanese culture Painting, music, philosophy, landscaping Strong economic trade Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony Lost power when it was unable to stop a series of civil wars Japan would be divided in civil wars from 1573 to the middle 1600’s India The Muslims Arrive India Background Prior to 1022 C.E. India was in a state of disunity The Gupta Empire had collapses in 550 C.E. (Question what other are of the world does this sound like at almost the very same time?) At about 700’s Muslims reached the Indian boarders They moved into the Indus Valley region and what is today Pakistan By 1000 they were ready to invade India (Question what other famous invasion was about to take place in 1066 C.E. that would change the face of another country) India The Muslims Invade For over two hundred years the Muslims kept fighting an annexing pieces of India In 1206 the Muslims captured Delhi At Delhi they established a sultan known as the Delhi Sultanate which ruled India from 1206-1520 The Delhi Sultanate fell under the control of the Abbasid Caliphate and became its own Caliphate in 1258 with the destruction of the Abbasid India Delhi Sultanate Allowed Hindus to still practice their own religion though the Muslims hated the thought of many gods However tried to convert India to Muslim Non Muslim Indians had to pay a tax to the Sultanate Hindus and Muslims did not mix and did not always get along There was often violence between both groups India Class Questions #1 What might be an advantage of the Muslim invasion in India for Indian people? Who might take advantage of this invasion and who would not like the invasion? Knowing what you know about India and Pakistan today what could you generalize about the problems today? What are some fundamental differences between Islam and Hinduism? #2 #3 India Progress under the Sultanate Improvements in farming Irrigation systems Muslim women held more rights than Hindu women and could divorce Muslim Architecture mixed with Hindu Indians in the north converted to Islam India Fate of the Sultanate At about 1350 the Sultanate reached its peak However after this time many Hindu areas began to break free of Muslim rule and control In 1398 the Mongols moved into India under the leadership of Timur Lang who destroyed a good portion of India and Delhi The Delhi Sultanate survived but was badly weakened Zen Gardens Zen Gardens Karesansui, or the "dry-landscape" style Japanese gardens have been in existence for centuries, but it wasn't until the late sixth century with the advent of Zen Buddhism did "dry style" gardens began to evolve. Around the eleventh century, Zen priests adopted the "dry landscape" style and began building gardens to serve a different purpose. They were to be used as an aid to create a deeper understanding of the Zen concepts. Zen Gardens A Zen garden takes careful consideration and care to create an appropriate atmosphere. Earthy, natural elements are the primary components of these gardens. Every rock, plant or sand spread has both meaning and special placement. The number three is often represented in these gardens. Three can represent the Buddhist Trinity, Sanzon-ishi-gumi, or it can symbolize the sky, earth and humanity. Zen Gardens Rocks, one of the most important parts of the garden, can symbolize many things depending on shape, color and texture. A vertical rock can symbolize the sky, while a horizontal rock can symbolize the earth. Rocks can even symbolize an animal or a shrub is the garden is portraying a specific place. For instance, if the garden is portraying a specific place, rocks can also symbolize islands or mountains Zen Gardens Often sand is used in place of water. The sand is swirled around with great care to emulate rippling or rushing water. These “swirls” also provide energy to the garden. Although sand is often used in place of water, water is also present in some Zen gardens Zen Gardens Not only was the viewing intended to aid in meditation but the entire creation of the garden was also intended to trigger contemplation. By the late 1200's, the basic principles had been established and up to the present day, they have been refined and extended. The garden created by the Zen priest are called "kansho-niwa" or contemplation garden and termed by many today as " Zen gardens ". Zen Gardens Zen Gardens