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Test 2 Review The Greeks • Athens at its Height – Strategos – Pericles – “Showplace of Greece” • Greek Drama – Aeschylus • The Persians • The Orestia – Sophocles • Antigone • Oedipus the King • Oedipus at Colonus – Euripides • • • • Medea Trojan Women Heracles Impact on Rome • Pre-Socratic Philosophy – Thales of Miletus • Natural Phenomena – Hippocrates • “The Father of Medicine” – Sophists • Protagoras • “Man is the Measure of All things” • Relativism The Greeks • Socrates – Socratic Method of Questioning – Precise definition of words – Ethics • Plato – The Academy – Doctrine of Ideas – Republic • Aristotle – Lyceum – Rational ordering of sensory experience – Nicomachean Ethics – Politics • The Delian League – Athens – Imperialistic – Corinth • The Peloponnesian Wars – – – – Siege of Athens Invasion of Syracuse Persian Aid Athens Defeated • Macedon – Phillip II – Battle of Chaeronea – League of Corinth The Greeks • Alexander the Great – Aristotle – Darius III – Greece to India • Alexander’s Legacy – Egyptian Empire (Ptolemaic) – Persian Empire (Seleucid) – Macedonian Empire (Antigonid) – Kingdom of Pergamum • Mystery Religions • Philosophy – Skepticism – Cynicism – Epicureanism • Epicurus of Athens • pursuit of pleasure – ataraxia – Stoicism • • • • • Zeno Stoa Brotherhood of man Logos Influence the Romans The Greeks • Astronomy – Aristarchus of Samos • earth revolved around the sun – Ptolemy of Alexandria • all Heavenly bodies revolve around the earth • Mathematics – Euclid – Elements of Geometry • Geography – Eratosthenes of Alexandria • circumference of the earth • Medicine – Herophilus of Chalcedon • Anatomy • The Brain • The Pulse – Erasistratus • valves of the heart • motor and sensory nerves • Physics – Archimedes of Syracuse • law of floating bodies (specific gravity) • lever, the pulley, and the screw Other Empires & Early Rome • Carthage – Phoenician Colony – Expansion • • • • Morocco to Egypt Sardinia Sicily Iberian Peninsula • Etruscans – – – – – Arrival 800-750 BC Northern Italy Greek Influence Carthaginian Alliance Romans and Samnites • Early Romans – – – – Romulus and Remus Etruscan influence Rebellion Struggle of Orders • Expansion – Etruscans – Samnite Wars • Military reorganization – Greek Colonies Early Republic • 1st Punic War – Sicily • 2nd Punic War – Hannibal – Scipio Africanus – Battle of Zama • 3rd Punic War – Cato the Elder – Scipio Amelianus • Maccabean Revolt – Hasmonean – Judah Maccabee – Seleucid Empire • Religion – Greek Influence – Politics • Philosophy – Lucretius • On the Nature of Things • Epicureanism • Cicero – “Father of Roman Eloquence” – Stoicism • The Gracchi – Tiberius Gracchus • Public land to the poor – Gaius Gracchus • Cheap grain • Colonies • Citizenship rights The Republic • Marius – Land for Veterans • Sulla – Civil War – Dictator for Life – Constitution • Pompey – Military • Crassus – Money • Julius Caesar – Alliance – Gaul • First Triumvirate • Caesar's Civil War • Egypt – Cleopatra • Brutus & Cassius – Caesar's death • Octavian Caesar – Julius Caesar’s Adopted son • Mark Anthony – Julius Caesar’s second in command • Marcus Lepidus – Julius Caesar’s monetary backer • Second Triumvirate • “Liberators‘” civil war Birth of the Empire • • • • Anthony & Cleopatra Propaganda campaign Battle of Actium Octavian’s titles – – – – Augustus Imperator Princeps Pontifex Maximus • Pax Romana • Virgil – The Aeneid • Livy – Ab Urbe Condita • Christianity – Jesus of Nazareth – Spiritual Kingdom, not Earthly one – Jesus Crucified • followers claim resurrection – Paul of Tarsus – Appeal Early Empire • Julio-Claudians – – – – – Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero • Government – Mixed titles • Flavians – Vespansian – Titus – Domitian • Government – More Imperator, Less Princeps – Monarchy in all but name The Empire • Antonine Dynasty – – – – – Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius • Meditations • Government – “Office of Principate” – Expansion to Defense • Five Good Emperors – “Golden Age” of the Empire The Empire • Antonine Dynasty – – – – – Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius • Meditations – Commodus • Government – “Office of Principate” – Expansion to Defense • Five Good Emperors – (Excludes Commodus) – “Golden Age” of the Empire • Severan Dynasty – Military Dictators • Age of the Barracks Emperors • Barbarian & Sassanid Invasions Late Empire • Diocletian – – – – – Division of the Empire The Tetrarchy 2 Augustus 2 Caesar Economic Reforms • Constantine – Edit Of Milan – Constantinople – Ties to Church • Early Church – Ekklesia – Bishops • Monasticism – Eremitical – Coenobitic • Trinitarianism Vs. Arianism • Council of Nicaea – Nicene Creed Review • Church Fathers – Jerome – Vulgate – Augustine • Confessions • City of God • Visigoths – Fritigern v. Valens – Battle of Adrianople – Sacking of Rome (410) • Alric I • Eastern Roman Empire > Byzantine Empire • Theodosius – Christianity Official Religion – Empire Splits • Patriarchs & Pope – Petrine Doctrine – Papal Primacy Review • The Hun Empire – Attilla the Hun • Pope Leo I “The Great” • Vandals Sack Rome (455) – Genseric • Western Empire Ends – Romulus Augustus – Odovacar (Odoacer) • “King of Italy” • Medieval Europe – Middle Ages – “Dark Ages”
