Download The Cold War 1945

Word War II is over. Key Questions
for the United States and the allies?
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What condition is Europe in following WWII?
What should be done with Germany?
What should be done with Japan?
What should be done about the Holocaust?
What about the rest of the world?
Recovery
EUROPE: The Marshall Plan
GERMANY
 Occupied by USA, United Kingdom, France,
and Soviet Union
JAPAN
- Occupied by USA, United Kingdom
- Led by Douglas MacArthur
- Allowed to have “self-defense” force
The United Nations
The United Nations (U.N.)
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In 1945, 50 nations signed the United Nations
(UN) Charter
The strongest arm of the UN was the Security
Council, 5 permanent members -China,
France, Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States , ,
composed of the The UN has nearly 200
members now
More effective than the League of Nations
Extract from "Design for Reconstruction" Proposed Address for Secretary
Marshall June, 1947, drafted May 20, 1947
"What will happen if we do not provide adequate funds and commodities
for subsistence and reconstruction abroad? This, I think, is hardly
questionable: what if adequate help from the United States is not
forthcoming, many of our allies in the late war ... will be obliged the
months to come to cease imports of food and reconstruction material.
Should this happen, human want, economic collapse, political crisis,
collapse of democratic institutions, growth of extremism, and perhaps
loss of independence would in many countries quickly follow. Our hopes
for peace and prosperity would quickly vanish. We would live in
unprecedented isolation. We would live in growing poverty. We would
live in growing fear."
One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the
creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a
way of life free from coercion. This was a fundamental issue in the war with
Germany and Japan. Our victory was won over countries which sought to
impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations.
To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United
States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations, The United
Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all
its members. We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing
to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity
against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian
regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes
imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the
foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.
War Trials
Germany – Nurembourg Trials
 “crimes against humanity”
Japan – Tokyo Trials
-Class A crimes
The Beginning of the Cold War
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The “Big Three” meet
at Yalta in February
1945
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Churchill (Great
Britain)
Roosevelt (USA)
Stalin (Soviet Union)
To discuss Europe’s
post-war
reorganization
Focused on
governing post-war
The Beginning of the Cold War
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It was clear that the
post-war world would
fall into two camps
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The West: democracy
and free enterprise
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The East: dictatorship
and communism
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USA
Soviet Union
The Iron Curtain
forms
The Cold War 1945-1968
Prepared by K. P. Kishore
New Countries
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Decline of European imperialism
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Again, imperialism is when a stronger country
controls a weaker country
World War II raised the hopes of African and
Asian colonies that they would eventually
achieve Independence
Superpowers
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Two Major World Powers
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The Iron Curtain
Whereas the United States defeated the Axis
Powers in Western Europe, the Soviet Union
defeated the Axis Powers in Eastern Europe
East vs. West
Cooperation
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
established in April, 1949
Prevent an armed attack against one or more
of them in Europe or North America by the
Soviet Union.
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and
the United States.
East (Communist) and West Germany
(Democratic) founded as separate nations
Cooperation/Alliances
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Warsaw Pact
Prevent an armed attack against one or more
of the Warsaw Pact nations by NATO forces
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
East Germany joined in 1956.
The Cold War 1945-1968
Prepared by K. P. Kishore
The Beginning of the Cold War
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NATO Countries
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United States
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Portugal
Canada (+ 3 more)
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Warsaw Pact
Countries
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Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Poland
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
The UN Declaration of Rights
o
The United Nations adopted this declaration:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights
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Examples of human rights:
Everyone has the right to Life, liberty, and personal
security.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and
the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman
or degrading treatment or punishment_
The Beginning of the Cold War
The Beginning of the Cold War
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The spread of communism throughout the world was
a clear threat to western democracy and free
enterprise
The fear was that if one country fell, many more
would follow. This is known as the “Domino
Theory.”
The Beginning of the Cold War
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The West fought the
spread of communism
with a policy of:
CONTAINMENT
President Truman’s
plan to stall the
spread of communism
through military,
economic, and
diplomatic strategies
Deterrence
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Be prepared for the Soviet Union to use
nuclear weapons against us
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Mutually assured destruction: if nuclear
weapons were used, we would both be
destroyed
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Ensured that we never fought the Soviet
Union directly
Did we ever go to war with the Soviet Union?
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No…
But we came close during the Cuban Missile
Crisis
Hot Spots in the Cold War
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Although the United States and Soviet Union
never fought each other directly, the two
countries fought for their beliefs in other
countries
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United States strategy = containment (keep
Communism from spreading)
Ex. The United States fought Communism in
Korea and Vietnam; the Soviet Union and other
Communist countries probably supplied those
who we were fighting
We still never fought the Soviet Union directly!
The Korean War (1950-1953)
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After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries,
North Korea and South Korea
 North Korea = Communist
 South Korea = non-Communist
North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950
President Truman committed U.S. troops under UN authority
to defend South Korea (UN can enforce its decisions!)
U.S. was successful for awhile but was defeated by Chinese
forces who helped North Korea
War reached a stalemate
1953: an armistice was signed, leaving Korea divided along
the line that had existed prior to the war—the 38th parallel
Korean War Map
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http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/kore
an_w.gif
The Vietnam War (early 1960s-1973)
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Ho Chi Minh, a Communist leader, fought a
war for independence against the French and
declared Vietnam’s independence
After Vietnam gained independence, it was
divided into two nations
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North Vietnam = Communist (allied with Soviet
Union and China); Ho Chi Minh was the leader
South Vietnam = non-Communist (supported by
the United States)
The Vietnam War (Continued…)
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Although the South was non-Communist, there was a
group of Communist guerilla fighters
The U.S. at first committed “advisers” to the South
Vietnamese, but later committed 500,000 U.S. soldiers
After significant protests in the late 1960s in the U.S.,
President Nixon began withdrawing troops in 1969
In 1973, a peace agreement was signed
In 1975, North Vietnamese forces conquered the
south
Result = Communist Vietnam
Vietnam War
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnnLrmbo
OYE&feature=PlayList&p=36EBB05E9F346E
12&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=39
Reasons the Cold War Ended
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Nationalism in the Warsaw Pact countries
 These countries were tired of being controlled by the
Soviet Union; they wanted their “independence”
Poor performance of Communist economies
 People were poor; it was difficult to get food
Reforms by Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet General
Secretary)
 Opened Soviet Union to capitalism
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Glasnost = opening
Perestroika = restructuring
Reasons the Cold War Ended (Continued…)
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President Ronald Reagan: “Tear down this wall”
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The Berlin wall was torn down
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Germany was unified
Expansion of NATO
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Countries that were formerly part of the
Warsaw Pact joined NATO
The End of the Cold War
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/vid
eo/reagan_27_wm.html#v155
Berlin Airlift
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Blockade of Berlin began
on June 24, ’48
From June 1948 to May
1949, U.S. and British
planes airlift 1.5 million
tons of supplies to the
residents of West Berlin.
After 200,000 flights, the
Soviet Union lifts the
blockade.
Operation Vittles
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All of the necessities for the city's 2.5 million
residents -- an estimated 4,500 tons of food,
coal and other materials each day -- had to enter
the city by air.
On its biggest day, the "Easter parade" of April
16, 1949, the airlift sent 1,398 flights into Berlin - one every minute.
Before it was all over, more than 278,000 flights
would carry 2.3 million tons of relief supplies.
1949 – Fall of China
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In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated
by Mao
 Flee to island of Taiwan
Oct 1, Mao proclaims
People’s Republic of China
(PRC)
Two months later, Mao
travels to Moscow,
 negotiates the Sino-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual
Assistance.
Vietnam War
U.S. Public Opinion/Reaction to war in
Vietnam
1979 - Afghanistan
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December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded
Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal
seized control of the government.
U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a
costly war against the Soviets for nearly a
decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.
Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”
1985 - Gorbachev
comes to power
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On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power
in the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.
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perestroika
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Economic reform- restructuring
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glasnost
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means openness, allowed greater free expression and
criticism of Soviet policies
1989 - Berlin Wall falls
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Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine,
which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its
interests in Eastern Europe.
On September 10, Hungary opened its border
with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to
the West.
After massive public demonstrations in East
Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall
fell on November 9.
Fall of Berlin Wall
1990 – German unification
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At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the
United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain,
France and the two Germanys agreed to end
Allied occupation rights in Germany.
On October 3, East and West Germany
united as the Federal Republic of Germany.