Download Post-War Nationalism

The War of 1812
4) Secretary of State, James Madison was popularly
elected as Jefferson’s successor in 1808,
inheriting the troubling foreign crisis that had
been brewing in the Atlantic. British control of
the high seas inevitably led to continued
violations of American neutrality, forcing an
unprepared United States to go to war in 1812.
The War of 1812
5) The war declaration was largely supported by a faction of
Southern and Western Congressmen known as the “War
Hawks.” Federalist New England heavily depended on
British trade and strongly opposed the war. Reflecting
growing sectional divisions, some New England states
considered nullifying federal laws and some even
discussed the possibility of seceding from the Union.
The War of 1812
6) The War of 1812 revealed how terribly unprepared America
was for war. American forces started the war with a
poorly organized invasion of British territories in Canada.
By 1815, British forces had sailed into the Chesapeake
and had overrun Washington D.C., setting the White
House and the Capitol building ablaze.
The War of 1812
7) By late 1814, a large
British fleet moved a
force of over 8000 men
south to take the City
of New Orleans at the
mouth of the
Mississippi River. The
commander of
American forces in New
Orleans was the fierce
Indian fighter, Andrew
Jackson.
The War of 1812
8) Jackson entrenched American forces
along the east bank of the Mississippi
River behind earthworks with several
pieces of artillery in place. The
position also had several natural
defenses; to the right of the line was
the Mississippi River; the left was an
impenetrable swamp; and directly
ahead was open territory that was
divided by the Rodriguez Canal.
The War of 1812
9) On the early morning of January 8th, the British attacked
Jackson’s lines. The attacks were a disaster, one British
regiment even forgot the ladders that were necessary to
cross the Rodriguez Canal and to scale the American
earthworks. After the failure of two bloody assaults and
the death of the commanding general, the British
retreated. The British suffered over 2,000 casualties
compared to 71 Americans.
The War of 1812
10) The Battle of New Orleans was celebrated as a
great victory and Andrew Jackson was hailed as
an American hero. Despite the reversal of
military fortunes, the Treaty of Ghent had been
signed in Belgium two weeks before the battle
had taken place. The Treaty amounted to an
armistice and neither side was able to claim
victory.
Post-War Nationalism
1) The War of 1812 was globally insignificant
compared to the sizeable British and French
forces that were engaged in Europe. Stiff
American resistance didn’t completely defeat the
British, but simply convinced them that the war
was going to be a greater expense than they had
anticipated.
Post-War Nationalism
3) By asserting itself militarily, the young American republic
had demonstrated to the empires of the world that it was
no longer an insignificant power that could be
overlooked in world affairs. American victories in the
War of 1812 led to the spread of an incredible spirit of
American nationalism.
(Nationalism = a feeling of intense patriotism that believes in
the supremacy of the nation.)
Post-War Nationalism
Ex. – During the
British assault of
Fort McHenry
outside Baltimore,
Maryland, Francis
Scott Key composed
the words of the
Star-Spangled
Banner that would
become the national
anthem.
Post-War Nationalism
Ex. – The charred remains of the Presidential
Mansion and the Capitol building became
national symbols after they were repaired
and it is rumored that the distinctive name
the “White House” was adopted after the
mansion was repainted to its original color.
The Era of Good Feelings
1) The last Federalist
candidate to run for
President
unsuccessfully
challenged DemocraticRepublican James
Monroe of Virginia in
the election of 1816,
receiving only 34
electoral votes to
Monroe’s 183.
The Era of Good Feelings
3) Early in 1817, President Monroe embarked on a
goodwill tour of the nation in order to inspect
several recently expanded military defenses.
The tour soon transformed into a publicity
campaign and the President was warmly
received in towns North and South.
The Era of Good Feelings
4) Even Federalist New
England celebrated
the President’s visit.
A Boston newspaper
editor was so
encouraged by
Monroe’s reception
that he wrote that an
“Era of Good
Feelings” had
descended upon
American politics.
The Era of Good Feelings
5) Despite the fact that the Era of Good Feelings was
defined by political unity, several sectional
issues that threatened to seriously divide the
nation were also revealed during this period.
Ex. – The Tariff, the National Bank, Northern
Industry, States Rights, Westward Expansion,
and Southern Slavery.
The Monroe Doctrine
1) Feelings of nationalism were translated into
a newly ambitious foreign policy that
sought to enlarge American influence
abroad and to secure greater protection at
home.
The Monroe Doctrine
2) President
Monroe and his
brilliant
Secretary of
State, John
Quincy Adams,
negotiated
several treaties
with European
powers.
The Monroe Doctrine
First, In exchange for Florida, Adams agreed
that the United States would surrender its
claims to the territory southwest of the
Louisiana Purchase known as Texas)
The Monroe Doctrine
3) After the French Revolution and the defeat of
Napoleon, the monarchies of Europe sought to
extinguish democratic movements that
threatened to transform into open insurrections.
Popular uprisings in Spain and Italy were quickly
overwhelmed with colossal military force at the
hands of worried monarchs.
The Monroe Doctrine
4) Democratic
revolutions had
more success in the
Western hemisphere
where the loose
control of the
Spanish Empire was
met with rebellions
in Argentina,
Venezuela, and
Chile during the
early 1800s.
The Monroe Doctrine
5) Only the British Empire celebrated the
independence of Latin American nations
because this opened access to valuable foreign
trade that was previously controlled by the
Spanish. The dominant British Navy could now
serve as protection for these upstart
democracies in exchange for open trade with
British merchants.
The Monroe Doctrine
6) The British foreign secretary proposed to the
Monroe administration that the United States and
Britain could issue a joint declaration to (A)
renounce their own interest in claiming Latin
American territory and (B) expressly warn the
Empires of Europe to stay out of these newly
independent nations.
The Monroe Doctrine
7) Secretary of State, John
Quincy Adams cunningly
responded to the offer by
transforming the proposition
into an exclusively American
policy. Adams argued
against the joint declaration
for three reasons: (A) it
represented an alliance with
the British, (B) it denied
America the possibility of
future expansion in Latin
America (Cuba, Texas,
California, etc.), and (C) it
was unnecessary.
The Monroe Doctrine
8) Adams correctly assumed that the dominant
British Navy would protect Latin American ports
with or without a joint declaration with the United
States. This situation presented America with an
opportunity to express its growing nationalistic
fervor on the world stage by issuing the Monroe
Doctrine of 1823.
The Monroe Doctrine
9) The Monroe Doctrine
represented an
aggressive
American foreign
policy that boldly
forbid any future
European
involvement in the
Western
Hemisphere. In
addition, it also
declared:
The Monroe Doctrine
A) that the Western Hemisphere could no longer be
colonized by the nations of Europe.
B) the republican governments in the Western
Hemisphere were inherently different from
monarchies of Europe
The Monroe Doctrine
C) that the United
States would
refrain from
interfering with
affairs in Europe
D) a warning that an
attack on Latin
America would be
treated as an
attack on the
United States
The Monroe Doctrine
10) The Monroe Doctrine represented a bold
expression of nationalism from the young
American Republic. However, it was also
an unenforceable policy that depended
upon the shield of the British Navy in the
Atlantic Ocean.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
VS.
5) In 1819, the State of Maryland placed a specific
tax on a branch of the National Bank located in
Baltimore, Maryland. Bank manager James
McCulloch refused to pay the tax and the state of
Maryland filed suit against McCulloch. Given the
legal conflict between the national government
and the state, the case went before the Supreme
Court.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
4) The case posed an interesting legal
question, considering that the
Constitution was fairly vague concerning
conflicts between the federal government
and the various state governments.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
6) John Marshall ruled against the state of
Maryland on the basis of:
McCulloch vs. Maryland
A) The Supremacy Clause – Article VI of the
Constitution declares that the national
government is supreme over the states.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
B) Marshall argued that “the power to tax
involves the power to destroy” and he
added that the Constitution did not give
the states the power to tax the federal
government.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
3) Marshall’s landmark decision in the case of
McCulloch vs. Maryland helped to overrule
the states’ rights doctrine established by
the 10th Amendment and decisively
preserved Alexander Hamilton’s loose
interpretation of the Constitution.
Sectionalism
1) Despite the growth of centralized authority,
political unity, and nationalistic fervor
during the Era of Good Feelings, the roots
of several sectional issues were emerging
during this time period that threatened to
seriously divide the nation in the future.
Sectionalism
3) Despite political unity, economic divisions grew
wider as a result of the War of 1812. The
Embargo Act and the war itself forced the New
Englanders to build more factories to
compensate for the lost British trade. Without
the threat of British competition, factories and
manufacturing centers prospered and spread
throughout the Northeast.
Sectionalism
PROTECTIVE
TARIFF
4) After the war ended, the infant industries of
the Northeast demanded a higher
protective tariff in order to shield them
from British competition. A nationalist
Congress responded by raising the tariff
tax from an 8% tax to a 20-25% rate.
Sectionalism
T
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TRADE
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5) The new tariff rate noticeably impacted world
trade because European nations responded with
retaliatory tariffs against American goods. The
profits on American exports noticeably
decreased as they became subjected to
increased European tariffs.
Sectionalism
VS.
6) Southern agriculture accounted for the
overwhelming majority of American
exports and future increases in the
protective tariff resulted in a serious
sectional division over the issue.
The Industrial Revolution
1) The Industrial Revolution had its roots in
mid 18th Century (1700s) England with the
development of steam power that was
fueled by coal.
The Industrial Revolution
3) The first phase of the Industrial Revolution came
to the United States in the early 1800s and was
largely expanded as a result of the War of 1812.
The first phase of the Industrial Revolution was
based upon the mass production model of
British textile (clothing) mills and was perfected
with the introduction of interchangeable and
uniform parts.
The Industrial Revolution
4) This industrial transformation was facilitated by
several improvements in transportation.
Ex. – The construction of primitive highways like the
Cumberland Road connected Western Maryland
to Illinois and facilitated the distribution of
products to various markets. (1811)
The Industrial Revolution
Ex. – Robert Fulton’s invention of the
Steamboat greatly increased upstream
navigation and trade, enabling commerce
to easily flow in both directions. (1807)
The Industrial Revolution
Ex. – The construction of River Canals
enabled the connection of various natural
waterways. (The famous Erie Canal ran 363
miles with 83 locks to connect the Hudson
River with Lake Erie in 1825)
The Industrial Revolution
Ex. – Railroads soon became dominant because
they were the fastest, cheapest, and most reliable
form of transportation. The first railroad was
established in 1828 and rapidly grew throughout
the industrial Northeast.
The Industrial Revolution
5) Improvements in transportation also greatly
facilitated westward expansion. Recent
victories over Indian nations during the
War 1812 had opened the lands of the Ohio
River Valley and the Florida Territory to
white settlement.
The Industrial Revolution
6) As the “West” grew in size and political
influence, it greatly impacted American
politics by further dividing the nation into
sectional interests.
King Cotton
1) In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the first
Cotton Gin, a mechanical device that easily
separated cotton fibers from the sticky pit
that contains the seeds.
King Cotton
2) The Cotton Gin enabled a slave that
previously picked a pound of cotton per
day to now pick over 50 pounds per day.
This labor saving device exponentially
increased cotton production in the South.
King Cotton
3) Cotton became highly profitable and spread
quickly throughout the South. The search for
virgin soil for cotton led to the westward
settlement of several states throughout the Deep
South. (Ex. – Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Arkansas.)
King Cotton
4) Unfortunately, the agricultural boom created by
the cotton gin also saved the institution of
slavery at the precise moment it was starting to
fade in the South. The intense demand for
slaves on cotton plantations seemed to be
insatiable as the Southern plantation system
grew.
King Cotton
5) By 1840 cotton accounted for over 50% of
all U.S. exports. Cotton was the king crop
of the South and now defined the politics
of an entire region.
The Missouri Compromise
1) Sectional divisions concerning slavery were
revealed in 1819 when the Missouri Territory
applied for statehood as a slave state. At that
time the number of Southern slave-states and
Northern free-states stood evenly at eleven. The
admission of slave Missouri would upset the
delicate balance.
The Missouri Compromise
2) The House of Representatives favored the
North because of the growing population
and the flow of foreign immigrants resulted
in more representatives. However, the
Senate could be controlled by the South if
Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
The Missouri Compromise
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4) The South saw the prospect of Missouri
statehood as a chance to strengthen the
Southern voting block in the Senate in order to
prevent attempts by the North to interfere with
slavery.
The Missouri Compromise
6) To break the
deadlock in
Congress, Henry
Clay of Kentucky
introduced a series
of compromises that
created a delicate
balance between
both sides.
The Missouri Compromise
A) Missouri was admitted to the Union as
a slave state.
B) The territory of Maine was separated
from Massachusetts and was accepted
as another free state.
The Missouri Compromise
C) With the exception of
Missouri, slavery
would be forever
banned in all territory
in the Louisiana
Purchase north of the
36’ 30 line of latitude.
Slavery would be
permitted in Missouri
and all land south of
the 36’ 30 line.
The Missouri Compromise
7) The Compromise of 1820 (The Missouri
Compromise) passed as the result of moderate
voices on both sides. However, the Compromise
was a temporary solution, it failed to address the
troubling sectional division created by the
South’s “peculiar institution” of slavery.
The American System
1) In response to the populating of the West and the
industrialization of the Northeastern, Henry Clay
of Kentucky proposed a complex economic plan
known as the “American System” in 1824 in
order to tie nation’s sections together. The plan
had three main components:
The American System
A) A strong banking system – easy credit
would be used to encourage further
industrialization
The American System
PROTECTIVE
TARIFF
B) A protective tariff – this would protect
young industries and help them prosper.
The American System
C) Internal improvements – the federal government
would fund transportation projects in the states
to facilitate the flow of trade across the country.
Agricultural goods and raw materials would flow
from the South and the West in exchange for
manufactured goods from the Northeast, making
the sections increasingly dependent upon one
another.
The American System
2) In 1817, the Republican Congress passed a bill to
distribute $1.5 million dollars to the states for
internal improvements. However, President
James Madison vetoed the bill because he
believed that it was unconstitutional.
The American System
3) The Constitution did not specifically give
the federal government the power to fund
internal projects within the states and
Madison did not believe it was a justifiable
implied power of the federal government.
The American System
VS.
4) The states responded by funding their own
internal improvements (New York and the Erie
Canal). The debate over federally funded internal
improvements would continue as a part of the
larger debate over states’ rights leading up to the
outbreak of the Civil War.