Download The End of World War II

The End of World War II
p. 488
Celebrations marked both victories in
Europe and Asia.
• The time for accounting and repair had
arrived:
– Germany was in ruins
– So were Poland, the Soviet Union, Japan,
southern England, much of France, Italy, and
China
– Millions of refugees wandered and starved in
Europe and Asia
– Disease and mental illness were rampant
• Decisions now had to be made by the
Allies:
What to do about the Holocaust?
–Nuremberg Trials:
• Allies captured and put Nazi leaders
on trial for “crimes against humanity”.
–Those most responsible were hanged.
–Others imprisoned until their sentences
were concluded.
Changing Thinking
• EC: What did the Allies do to change the thinking that
caused tens of millions of Europeans and Asians to
support the fascists that started the war in the first
place? (7)
– The US promoted democracy across Europe and
Japan.
• Both the governments of Germany and Japan were rebuilt with prodemocracy politicians,
– they developed democratic, constitutional governments,
» under Allied (mostly US) supervision.
– Initially, both countries were forced to renounce war and military forces.
» General MacArthur personally developed Japan’s constitution
• Ordinary people in Germany and Japan gained suffrage again.
What to do to prevent another World War?
• The United Nations:
• Started by the Allies at the end of World War II.
– It had the same peace-keeping purpose of the
League of Nations.
– However, it also had military power to enforce its
decisions.
Organization
of the United Nations
• EC: General Assembly: (3)
• all member nations have promised to
promote peaceful relations with their
neighbors.
– Began with 50 nations and,
– after independence of colonies, grew to over
190 nations.
• EC: Can authorize: (2)
– Referendums
– Resolutions (policy statements, international
goals, criticism of peace-breaking nations)
Security Council:
• 15 members
– 10 alternate (two-year terms)
– EC: 5 are permanent
• Russia, China, Britain, France, United States
• any one of the permanent members may veto a
decision from being made.
– During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union
usually stopped Security Council decisions that the other
wanted.
Toward Cold War
• EC: The Allies Disagree (2)
• 1. German reparations
– Stalin wanted much…..
• 2. Should Eastern European nations captured
by the Soviet Union be allowed free elections?
Organization
of the United Nations
• EC: Security Council: (4)
• can decide to use force
– economic embargoes,
– freezing of funds,
– military intervention.
The Cold War:
• Period from 1947 to 1990 where distrust and
tension existed between the United States and
the Soviet Union.
• EC: The “Free World”: (2)
– The United States aligned many nations on its side,
• Promised economic and military support to any nation that
fought against the Soviet Union and communism.
• EC: The “Communist Bloc”: (2)
– The Soviet Union forced Eastern Europe to join it,
• sent agents and weapons across the world to support communist
revolutions against the imperialist capitalist powers led by the
US.
the “Eastern Bloc”
• EC: Stalin used existing communists parties to create communist
governments in what Eastern European nations: (9)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
East Germany
Latvia
Lithuania
Estonia
Bulgaria
Romania
• EC: This group of countries were also called:
– “Soviet Bloc”
– “Soviet satellites”
• They did not make any decisions without Stalin’s approval.
Truman Doctrine:
• March, 1947.
• U.S. President Truman’s policy to use US resources to
fight communist expansion anywhere in the world,
– Speech was to explain US intervention in Greece and Turkey.
• This starts “containment”
– US would do whatever it took to stop USSR
• It meant both countries would do everything short of
war between each other to stop the other from
becoming more powerful.
– “cold” war
The US dollar was a terrific weapon against
the spread of communism in Europe.
• The Marshall Plan:
• US Secretary of State, George Marshall’s plan
for economic rebuilding and strengthening of
European nations
– If they promoted democratic constitutions and
government.
• Congress passed the “European Recovery Act”
and sent billions of dollars to applying nations.
– Truman even offered it to Stalin, but he turned it down.
• Stalin also forbade the Eastern Bloc nations from applying.
Stalin’s Wrath
•
•
•
•
EC: 1948, he closed the border between ____ and ____
East Germany
West Germany.
EC: This cut off the democratic zones of Germany’s former capital,
_____ from the West by ship, road, and rail.
• Berlin
– People in the western part of the city needed fuel, food, and medicine.
• Stalin demanded control of all of the city
– Then the people would get it.
• Attempting to send supplies by land would mean the Allies would
have to attack Soviet forces.
Fear of Invasion
• The United States felt Western Europe was
threatened by Soviet invasion.
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
• In 1949, the US and Western European nations
agreed to militarily supply, train, and protect
each other from an invasion by the Soviet Union
and its satellite nations.
• The US is the richest and most powerful
member.
The Warsaw Pact:
• In 1955, the Soviets worry about NATO
– They compelled the satellite nations to ally their
military forces to defend against NATO.
– Soviets also used it to police its own members.
• Also known as the Warsaw Treaty Organization
(WTO).
• It ended around 1990.
Both nations used public and private media
to create public fear of the other side.
• EC: The Communist World
was told, through Soviet
propaganda, that America and
its followers: (5)
– Were racists
– Trying to control and change
the world
– Plotted secret ways to destroy
the Soviet World and
communism.
– Only cared about being rich
and used or murdered others
to get rich
– Were dangerous war mongers
out to take over the world.
• EC: Americans, mostly
through popular culture
and government policies,
were told that the Soviets
and their followers: (4)
– Secretly worked inside our
country to destroy it
– wanted to take away
personal freedom in favor
of totalitarianism
– wanted to destroy religion
– Were dangerous war
mongers out to take over
the world.
Crimes Against Humanity
• Trials were also held in Japan, with
similar results.
• This begins the idea that those who
commit “crimes against humanity”
(atrocities), in time of war or peace,
should be brought to justice….
–the International Criminal Court (ICC):
jurisdiction
Standards Check, p. 489
• Why did the Allies hold war crimes trials
for Axis leaders?
• To hold them accountable for “crimes
against humanity”
Standards Check, p. 489
• Compare and Contrast the United Nations
and the League of Nations.
• The Security Council gives the UN the
power to enforce its decisions.
• The US belongs to the UN, but did not join
the League of Nations.
Organization
of the United Nations
• EC: The UN today has five main missions: (5)
– maintaining international peace and security,
• Protect self-determination of member nations.
–
–
–
–
developing friendly relations among nations
promoting global social progress, (rights)
Promoting better global living standards (quality of life)
protecting human rights
• EC: Noted Agencies are: (5)
–
–
–
–
–
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations International Children’s Education Fund (Unicef)
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR)
Chart Skills, p. 489
• Which nation suffered the greatest number
of both civilian and military casualties?
• The Soviet Union
Hot Talk Starts Cold War
• EC: In 1945, Truman basically called
Stalin a liar and demanded he allow the
elections in Eastern Europe he promised
Roosevelt a the __ Conference.
– Yalta
Other Cold War Expressions:
• East vs. West
• Communist World vs. Free World
• EC: What were the rest of the “non-aligned”
nations called?
– The “Third World”
• EC: What does the term “Third World” infer
today?
– That a country is poor, with a low standard of living.
Standards Check, p. 490
• What post-war issues caused the Western
Allies and the Soviet Union to disagree?
• Reparations in Germany
• The nature of governments in eastern
Europe….. Should they be
– Free?
– Communist?
The Cold War Goes Global
• In the Balkans, in the late 1940s, Soviet agents
helped ______communists attempt a takeover
and worked similarly in.
• Greek
• Turkey
• Britain could not afford to defend this area any
longer,
– the United States stepped in.
EC: Divide Germany
• Everyone feared a united Germany, (2)
– it remained divided into four zones.
– The same was done with Berlin.
• Nazis were removed from government positions
(2)
– pro-democracy officials installed in the western
zones
– communists in the eastern zone.
• The French, British, and American zones
received much Marshall Plan aid. ___
– The German economy here grew.
Divided Germany
• East Germany
• Stalin took any economic
assets had back to the
Soviet Union, including
people.
– Eastern Germany was
impoverished.
• It would be called the
German Democratic
Republic (East Germany
(DDR)),
– few could vote.
• West Germany
• The three democratic zones
were united
– the Federal German Republic
(DFR).
• A democratic constitution
was adopted
• democratic leaders were
elected.
• The Allies also forgave West
Germany any reparations for
the war.
– This meant that it did not have
to repay the Soviet Union
either.
– Stalin was angered
Operation Vittles
• The Allies answered the Berlin Blockade by
sending air transports around the clock for over
a year.
– It was called the
– Berlin Airlift.
• They dared Soviet planes and gunners to shoot
them down.
– Stalin did not want to be the one who started the war
and
– He ended the blockade after a year.
Standards Check, p. 492
• What policy did the United States establish
with the Truman Doctrine?
• Containment: the policy of preventing
communist expansion
Thinking Critically, p. 493
• 1. How was the role of government similar
in the Holocaust and in the genocides
described above?
• In each case, the country’s government
allowed the killings
Quick Write
• Do you think that the Nuremberg trials
were an effective way of dealing with the
leaders of the Axis Powers after the War?
Letter
• Write a letter as an West German to a
Family member.
• Explain how the Marshall plan is helping
West Berlin after the war.
• Explain how the Berlin Blockade is
affecting your life.
• Explain your feeling when hearing the
news of the Berlin Airlift.