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The U.S. goes to war with Great
Britain for the second time.
President. James Madison declares
war on June 18, 1812
Key terms:
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Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of the Thames
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battle of New Orleans
Hartford Convention
Treaty of Ghent
The battleground
Underlying Causes
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Impressment of American seamen.
Violation of the three-mile territorial limit.
War Hawks
Land disputes between Indians/Settlers
Who Were
They…
President James Madison
What Did
They Do?
Collection of The New-York Historical Society
Key U.S.Leaders
• President James Madison
• General William Harrison, Northern Commander
• General Andrew Jackson, Southern Commander
• Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, Lake Erie
Key British Leaders
• Gen. Sir Isaac Brock - overall land
commander
• Gen. Henry Proctor
• Adm. George Cockburn - overall sea
commander
The Naval War
• British warships more numerous, but
scattered
• American frigates are better armed and
better constructed
• American privateers…cheaper to fund
• American sailors well-trained
Success at Sea
• U.S. frigate Constitution defeats
the British frigate Guerriere.
Canada
• American policy is to invade
and conquer Canada
• Land forces not successful
due to poor
training/equipment
Perry’s Victory
• Control of Lake Erie vital Perry constructs small fleet
• Sept. 10, 1813 Perry defeats
British after hard fought
battle…heavy casualties on
both sides
Tecumseh
and
Indian allies
fight for the
British
The Frontier
• British General Proctor retreats after
Perry’s victory
• Tecumseh furious with Proctor for
abandoning Indian allies
• British/Indians make stand on Thames
River, Oct. 1813
• Americans defeat them at Battle of Thames
• Tecumseh killed. Canadian border secured
by Americans
Creek Indians
under Chief Red
Eagle attack
• In 1813 Creek Indians take up arms destroy Fort Mims - 500 soldiers/settlers
killed
• Andrew Jackson marches to meet them
• In 1814 Jackson defeats Creeks at Battle of
Horsehoe Bend
Photo credit to The Times and Stephanie Freeman © 1995
Britain takes the Offensive
• Britain defeats France in 1814..looks to America
• More troops and ships sent to the American
shores
• Britain attacks and burns Washington in
response to American burning of Canadian
capital York
• sail on to attack Fort McHenry - it survives
attack
.
One last battle
• Gen. Andrew Jackson and the
Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8,
1815
British advance
on New Orleans
• 5300 British regulars attack New Orleans
defended by Gen. Andrew Jackson and 4500
troops
• British attacks fails with heavy
casualties…2000 dead
• American losses fewer than 100
• Battle not necessary…peace treaty signed two
weeks earlier
Hartford Convention
• Federalist gather at Hartford, Conn. demand that New England withdraw
from war
• delegation to Pres. Madison offer to
support war if states given more power
• war ends before delegation arrives in
Washington…Federalists discredited lose political power
• precedent set for states to challenge
government policies
The Treaty of Ghent
• Peace Treaty sign on December 24,
1814 at Ghent, Belgium
• Result was a draw…all conquered
territory restored to each side
• no solution to impressment/trade
embargoes
What Were
the Long Term Effects
of this Conflict?
• To the United States’ relations with
Europe
• To United States foreign policy
• For the native Americans
• For Canadians and Mexico