Download at the end of WWII, Germany and its capital (Berlin)

World War II Results/Birth of the
Cold War
- The end of WWII found Soviet forces occupying
most of Eastern and Central Europe and the
eastern portion of Germany.
Germany
- at the end of WWII, Germany and its capital
(Berlin) were divided into 4 military zones
controlled by the four major allied powers: the
U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union
Germany
Germany
- at the end of WWII, Germany and its capital
(Berlin) were divided into 4 military zones
controlled by the four major allied powers: the
U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union
- unable to agree on how to reunify Germany,
the U.S., Britain, and France combined their
territories into an independent West Germany
while the Soviets made their territory an
“independent” East Germany
Germany
Germany
splits
Germany
- the same thing that happened to the country,
took place with the capital resulting in a West
Berlin and a East Berlin 
Berlin splits
Germany
- the same thing that happened to the country,
took place with the capital resulting in a West
Berlin and a East Berlin  a wall was
Constructed by the Soviets to divide the city
keeping the poor East Berlin citizens from
entering wealthy West Berlin
Berlin Wall
Germany
- the same thing that happened to the country,
took place with the capital resulting in a West
Berlin and a East Berlin  a wall was
Constructed by the Soviets to divide the city
keeping the poor East Berlin citizens from
entering wealthy West Berlin
- The Berlin Wall was an enduring symbol of
the cold war that divided the city in Germany.
It was built by the USSR in hopes of driving
the US and it allies out of Berlin.
Truman Doctrine (1947)
- the United States would provide aid to
countries threatened by Communists
Chinese Civil War (1945-1950)
Chinese Civil War (1945-1950)
- a struggle between the
communists under Moa
Ze-Dong and the
nationalist under
Chiang Kai-Sheik. The
US will continue to
support Sheik even
when it became clear
his cause was lost
Israel (1948)
- developed as a result of the Holocaust in hopes of
giving the Jewish people a homeland. The problem
with the nation of Israel was that it displaces the
palatine people.
Marshall Plan (1949-1951)
- U.S. plan to send financial aid package to help
Europe reconstruct and recover after WWII
containment
- a policy adopted by the United States to keep
Communism from spreading outside its present
borders
United Nations
- was formed near the
end of WWII to create a
body for the nations of
the world to try to
prevent future global
wars.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- The United States and
the Soviets will agree to
a treaty that bans
testing atomic weapons
in the atmosphere
The Hydrogen Bomb
- weapon was consider
at least a 100 times
more powerful that the
Atomic Bomb.
GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)
(1944)
- provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to
civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase
of homes and businesses, and especially,
education.
- designed to provide greater opportunities to returning
war veterans of World War II
- provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies,
equipment, and counseling services for veterans to
continue their education in school or college.
GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)
(1944)
- Perhaps the greatest participation by the federal
government in education
Levittown (middle class 1958)
- the largest planned
community constructed by a
single builder (William J.
Levitt) in the United States
Levittown (middle class 1958)
- Levittown, Pennsylvania the development occupied
over 5500 acres in lower
Bucks County and included
churches, schools, swimming
pools, shopping centers and
17,311 single-family homes
to its 70,000-plus residents,
Levittown (middle class 1958)
- Levittown represented the
American Dream of
homeownership. To many
others, Levittown
epitomized postwar
suburbia — a place often
criticized but widely copied.
The AFL-CIO(1955)
- created through the merger of the two unions.
George Meany of the AFL and Walter Reuther of
the CIO served, respectively, as the organization's
first president and vice president. The union
provides assistance for member unions in legal
matters, government representation, and
organizing work. It also assists in resolution of
disputes and promotes desired legislation at both
national and state levels. It has been the most
conservative labor union of the twentieth century.
Taft-Hartley Labor Act, (1947)
- qualified or amended much of the National Labor
Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, the federal law
regulating labor relations of enterprises engaged in
interstate commerce, and it nullified parts of the
Federal Anti-Injunction (Norris-LaGuardia) Act of
1932.
Taft-Hartley Labor Act, (1947)
- established control of labor disputes by enlarging the
National Labor Relations Board and providing that the
union or the employer must, before terminating a
collective-bargaining agreement, serve notice on the
other party and on a government mediation service.
The Korean War-Police Action
(1950-1953)
Korea
Korean War (1950-1953)
- After communist North Korea invaded South
Korea, American military forces led a
counterattack that drove deep into North Korea
itself.
- Communist Chinese forces came into the war on the
side of North Korea and the war threatened to
widen, but eventually ended in a stalemate with
South Korea free of communist occupation.
Korean War (1950-1953)
- General Douglas MacArthur was fired because he
ignored President Truman’s order. This showed the
constitutional principal of civilian control of the
military.
- American involvement in the Korean War in the
early 1950s reflected the American policy of
containment of communism.
38th Parallel
Containment
- American foreign policy throughout the Cold War
to keep Communism from spreading and to resist
communist aggression into other countries
• The Geneva Accords - said Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam
were to become fully independent countries, with the
last named partitioned near the 17th Parallel into two
states pending reunification through “free elections”
to be held by July 20, 1953. The United States and
South Vietnam did not agree with these agreements.
Containment
• The Eisenhower Doctrine -proposes economic and
military aid to those countries with anticommunist governments in the Middle East.
Containment
• At the height of the "cold war," complaints about the
growing "missile gap” between the United States and the
Soviet Union led to secret gathering of data on Soviet
missile capabilities through photographs obtained from U2 reconnaissance plane overflights of the Soviet Union.
– May 1960, plans were finalized for a crucial Paris
summit conference between western nations and
leaders of the Soviet Union with disarmament to be the
main focus.
Containment
– A successful summit were destroyed when on May 1,
an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet
air space.
• On the first day of the Paris summit, Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev stormed out after delivering a
condemnation of U.S. spy activities.
Containment
Fidel Castro -
led a communist
revolution that
took over Cuba in
the late
1950s
- Many Cubans fled to
Florida and later
attempted
to invade Cuba and
overthrow Castro. This
"Bay of
Pigs" invasion
failed.
Kennedy will call of
air
support which will lead
to its
failure.
1962
- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba,
instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1962
1962
- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba,
instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- President Kennedy ordered the Soviets (Khrushchev) to
remove their missiles and for several days the world
was on the brink of nuclear war.
1962
- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba,
instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- President Kennedy ordered the Soviets (Khrushchev) to
remove their missiles and for several days the world
was on the brink of nuclear war.
- Eventually, the Soviet leadership "blinked" and
removed their missiles.
Treaties and Organization after World War
II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO40SpSBjbc
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
(1949)
- an alliance of nations that consisted of the United
States, Canada, and the democracies in
Europe to prevent against Soviet expansion
in Europe
- formed in response to the Berlin Crisis
NATO
The OAS(Organization of American States)
(1951)
- a regional organization that promoted the
economic development of Latin America and
cooperation between the U. S. and its Latin
American neighbors.
- The Alliances for Progress was the program of
economic aid to Latin American countries initiated by
President Kennedy to build on the good will established
by FDR's Good Neighbor Policy.
OAS
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization) (1954)
- a treaty, signed by representatives of the United
States, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand ,
Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand ,that
provided for collective action against aggression.
SEATO
Warsaw Pact (1955)
- an alliance of nations that consisted of the Soviet
Union and socialist/communist states in central
and eastern Europe
Warsaw Pact
The U.N. Security Council
- the organization within the United Nations that
has the authority to send troops to different
countries.
- It has five permanent members USA, RUSSIA, CHINA,
GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE
U.N. Security Council
• The UN's role in international collective security is defined
by the UN Charter, which gives the Security Council the
power to:
• Investigate any situation threatening international peace;
• Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a
dispute;
• Call upon other member nations to completely or partially
interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and
radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations;
• Enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary;
• Avoid conflict and maintain focus on cooperation.
The Communist takeover in China
- happening after WWII,
this surprise increased
American fears of
communist domination
over most of the world.
- Rather than being strong
allies, the communist
nations of China and the
Soviet Union became
rivals for territory and
diplomatic influence 
The Communist takeover in China
a split which American
foreign policy exploited
under President Nixon in
the 1970s.
Missile Race
- When the Soviet Union
matched the United
States in nuclear
weaponry in the 1950s,
the threat of a nuclear
war that would destroy
both countries was an
ever-present fear
throughout the Cold War.
-
Missile Race
- America, under President
Eisenhower, adopted a
policy of "massive
retaliation" (missile buildup) to deter any nuclear
strike by the Soviets.
The National Security Act of 1947
- mandated a major
reorganization of the
foreign policy and
military establishments
of the U.S. Government.
-
The National Security Act of 1947
– The act created many of
the institutions that
Presidents found useful
when formulating and
implementing foreign
policy, including the
National Security Council
(NSC).
-
The National Security Act of 1947
-
The Council itself included
the President, Vice
President, Secretary of
State, Secretary of Defense,
and other members (such
as the Director of the
Central Intelligence
Agency), who met at the
White House to discuss
both problems with
national security crises.
The National Security Act of 1947
-
Established the Central
Intelligence Agency
(CIA), which grew out of
World War II era Office
of Strategic Services
Impact of the Cold War at home
The fear of communism and the threat of nuclear
war affected American life throughout the Cold
War.
Senator Joseph McCarthy
- played on American fears
of communism by
recklessly accusing many
American governmental
officials and citizens of
being communists based
on flimsy or no evidence.
-
Senator Joseph McCarthy
- This led to the coining of
the term McCarthyism, or
the making of false
accusations based on
rumor or guilt by
association.
The House Un-American Actives
Committee (1947)
- a special committee formed to investigated
charges of Communism in the Movie industries
and other industries.
– it was their duty to purge the country of any
Communist influences.
– While HUAC investigated numerous industries,
Hollywood became the best-known target of this
infamous committee because of its high profile
Alger Hiss, and Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg (1953)
- convicted for spying for
the Soviet Union, and the
construction of nuclear
weapons by the Soviets
using technical secrets
obtained through spying,
increased domestic fears
of communism.
- Alger Hiss was a former
advisor to FDR.
Duck and Cover Drills
- During the 1950s and
1960s American schools
regularly held drills to train
children in case of a
nuclear attack, and
American citizens were
urged by the government
to build bomb shelters in
their own basements.
Duck and Cover Drills
Fallout shelters - These were suppose to be well stocked
with necessity in order to help live in a
nuclear broke out.
Sputnik (1957)
- The first man-made
satellite to orbit the Earth
launched by the Soviets.
- Proved that Soviet
technology was equal to
that of Americans
- Help start the Space Race
and an increase emphasis
on math and science in
American to compete with
Soviets education.