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RESTRUCTURING THE POSTWAR
WORLD
CHAPTER 17
1945- Present
THE COLD WAR
SECTION 1
SUPERPOWERS FACE OFF
United Nations
Containment
Marshall Plan
NATO
brinkmanship
iron curtain
Truman Doctrine
Cold War
Warsaw Pact
ALLIES BECOME ENEMIES
Yalta Conference
1. Feb. 1945 Allied
leaders meet at Yalta
2. Divide Germany
3. Reparations
4. Soviets declare war on
Japan
5. Stalin promises free
elections in E. Eur.
ALLIES BECOME ENEMIES II
United Nations
1. June 1945- 50 nations
2. General Assembly
3. Security Council
4. 5 permanent
members- G.B., China,
France, U.S., Soviet
Union
DIFFERING GOALS
Why did the United States and
the Soviet Union split after the
war?
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
SOVIETS BUILD A BUFFER
Soviets fear invasion from the
West
Stalin ignores Yalta agreement
Communist governments
established in Albania, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Czech, Romania,
Poland, Yugoslavia
POST WWII COMMUNIST NATIONS
SOVIETS BUILD A BUFFER II
July 1945 meeting at
Potsdam, Ger.
Stalin refuses to
allow elections in E.
Eur.
Stalin declares that
communism and
capitalism cannot
exist in same world
AN IRON CURTAIN DIVIDES EAST AND
WEST
1. Germany split
2. Soviets control East including East
Berlin
3. U.S., France, G.B. control West
4. Churchill coins the phrase “iron
curtain”
UNITED STATES TRIES
TO CONTAIN SOVIETS
Containment- policy of
blocking Soviet influence and
stopping the expansion of
communism.
U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS II
Truman
Doctrine
Support for
countries that
reject
communism
1947 Congress
sends $400
million in aid
to Turkey and
Greece
U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS III
Marshall Plan
Secretary of State
George Marshall
proposes that U.S.
provides aid to
European nations
U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS IV
Berlin Airlift
Soviet Union cuts off all supplies to
West Berlin. Why? What did Stalin hope
to accomplish?
How did the United States respond?
U.S. and British flew food and supplies
into West Berlin for 11 months
May 1949 Soviets lift the blockade
BERLIN AIRLIFT
COLD WAR DIVIDES WORLD
Cold War- a struggle over political
differences carried on by means short
of war
Examples- spying, propaganda,
diplomacy
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
SUPERPOWERS FORM
RIVAL ALLIANCES
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR
United States and Soviet Union develop H- Bombs
THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR II
President
Eisenhower
Secretary of
State
John F. Dulles
Brinkmanship
Willingness to go to the “edge” of war
COLD WAR IN THE SKIES
August 1957- Soviets
develop ICBM’s
Oct. 1957- Soviets
launch Sputnik
COLD WAR IN THE SKIES II
May 1960 Soviets shot
down U-2 spy plane and
pilot Francis Powers was
captured
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
SECTION 2 COMMUNISTS
TAKE POWER IN CHINA
Mao Zedong
Commune
Cultural Revolution
Jiang Jieshi
Red Guards
COMMUNISTS VS. NATIONALISTS
World War II in China
Mao and Communists control most of
northern China and use guerrilla
warfare against Japan
Jiang and Nationalists dominate
southwestern China. Receive aid from
U.S.
COMMUNISTS VS. NATIONALISTS
CIVIL WAR RESUMES
Civil War lasted from 1946 to 1949
Nationalists have more soldiers and
money
Soldiers desert to Communist Party
1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan
SUPERPOWERS REACT
U.S. helps Jiang
set up
Nationalist
government in
Taiwan
Soviets give aid
to Communist
China
CHINA EXPANDS UNDER
COMMUNISTS
1950 China attacks Tibet
Dalai Lama flees to India
MAO’S BRAND OF
MARXIST SOCIALISM
1950 Agrarian Reform Law –
seized land from the rich and
distributed to peasants
Businesses are nationalized
1953- 5 year plan sets industrial
goals
“THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD”
Communes- large collective farms (1958)
Peasants work land together, live in dormitories, profit
goes to the state
1961 communes ended due to famine
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
NEW POLICIES AND
MAO’S RESPONSE
China’s problemsfailure of Great Leap
Forward, disputes
with Soviet Union
China moves away
from strict socialism
Farmers allowed to
sell crops, people can
own homes
Mao wants to revive the
revolution- creates Red
Guards from students
CULTURAL REVOLUTION 1966
Red Guards lead a
Cultural Revolution
The goal was to
establish a society of
peasants and workers
in which all were equal.
Intellectual and artistic
activity considered
dangerous
1968 Mao orders the
revolution stopped
SECTION 3
WARS IN KOREA AND VIETNAM
38th parallel
Ho Chi Minh
Ngo Dinh Diem
Vietnamization
Douglas MacArthur
domino theory
Vietcong
Khmer Rouge
SETTING THE
STAGE
Korea divided at 38th
parallel
North- Japanese
surrender to Soviets
38th
and becomes
parallel
Communist
South- Japanese
surrender to Americans
and becomes
Democratic
WAR IN KOREA
Soviets provide N. Korea with military aid
June 25, 1950 North attacks South
United Nations sends troops to Korea
under command of Douglas MacArthur
Why didn’t the Soviets use their veto
power?
WAR IN KOREA II
Sept. 1950
North Korea
controls most of
the South
Surprise attack
at Inchon
Pincers strategy
WAR IN KOREA III
United Nations forces
pursue retreating North
Korean soldiers
Chinese send 300,000
soldiers into North Korea
Jan. 1951 Chinese push
back UN forces into
South Korea and capture
Seoul
Truman fires MacArthur
Bomb the
Chinese!
NO!
You’re
fired!!
WAR IN KOREA IV
1952- UN regains
control of S. Korea
July 1953- cease
fired signed
4 million deaths
DMZ
AFTERMATH OF KOREAN WAR
North Korea
South Korea
Kim Il Sung collective farms
and military
build up
Democratic
Kim
Jong Il nuclear
weapons
Focus on technology
Kim Jong-un
VIETNAM WAR I
Ho Chi Minh starts
Vietminh
Independence
League
Japanese leave in
1945 and Ho
expects
independence from
France
VIETNAM WAR II
Vietminh fight
French forces
1954 French
suffer defeat at
Dien Bien Phu and
surrender to Ho
VIETNAM WAR III
President
Eisenhower and the
Domino theory
VIETNAM WAR III
International
conference at Geneva
Vietnam divided at 17th
17th
parallel
North- communist
under Ho Chi Minh
South- dictatorship
under Ngo Dinh Diem
supported by U.S. and
France
VIETNAM WAR IV
Vietcong- communist guerrillas in South
Vietnam who oppose Diem
1963 Diem assassinated
VIETNAM WAR V
U.S. Troops Enter
Fight
Aug. 1964- Pres.
Johnson says U.S.
ships attacked in
Gulf of Tonkin
1968- 500, 000
Americans in
Vietnam
VIETNAM WAR VI
U.S. Difficulties
1. Guerrilla warfare in
the jungle
2. Lack of support for
S. Vietnamese
government
3. Vietcong supported
by Ho, Soviets,
China
VIETNAM WAR VII
U.S. turns to bombing
forest and farms to destroy
enemy hideouts
U.S. loses peasant support
VIETNAM WAR VIII
Protests rise
against Vietnam
War in U.S.
VietnamizationNixon allows
gradual
withdrawal of
troops
S. Vietnamese
increase their role
VIETNAM WAR VIX
Nixon orders
bombing of North
Vietnam, Cambodia,
and Laos to destroy
Vietcong hideouts
Last U.S. troops
leave in 1973
1975 North Vietnam
captures South
Vietnam
CAMBODIA
1975- Khmer
Rouge set up
communist govt.
under Pol Pot
2 million die
1978 Vietnam
invades and
overthrows Pol Pot
Vietnamese leave
in 1989
VIETNAM AFTER THE WAR
“reeducation
camps”
Nationalization
Saigon renamed
Ho Chi Minh City
1.5 million
people flee
Vietnam
SECTION 4 COLD WAR
DIVIDES THE WORLD
Third World
nonaligned nations
Fidel Castro
Anastasio Somoza
Daniel Ortega
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
SETTING THE STAGE
Nations grouped into 1 of 3
“worlds”
1. Industrialized capitalists- U.S.
2. Communist- U.S.S.R.
3. Third World – developing nations,
“nonaligned” with U.S. or U.S.S.R.
FIGHTING FOR 3 RD WORLD
Latin America, Africa, Asia
Poor, politically unstable
Former European colony
Ethnic conflicts, lack of technology,
education
Which world would they choose?
COLD WAR STRATEGIES (PAGE 549)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Foreign Aid
Espionage (CIA, KGB)
Multinational Alliances
Propaganda
Brinkmanship
Surrogate Wars
ASSOCIATION OF NONALIGNED
NATIONS
Not all 3rd World nations wanted to be involved in the Cold War
1955 Bandung Conference , nonaligned nations led by India and
Indonesia
Bandung
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
CONFRONTATIONS IN LATIN
AMERICA
Issues- population growth, gap between rich
and poor, unstable governments
American businesses support leaders who
protect their investments
Communist revolutions supported by Soviets
Consequently, U.S. supports anti-Communist
dictators
Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?
I. Background of Cuban History
1. Cuba was a colony of Spain since colonial times.
2. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American
War in 1898.
3. After their
independence, Cuba
was ruled by dictators,
who were supported
by the U.S. because of
the U.S. business
interests in Cuba.
4. Many Cubans hated
the dictators and the
poor conditions that
existed in Cuba.
Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?
II. Fidel Castro and events leading up to the “Revolution”?
1.Castro organized a revolution against the Cuban dictators.
2. For almost 10 years, Castro and his revolutionary forces lived and
fought against the dictator Batista from the jungles of Cuba.
FIDEL CASTRO AND
CUBAN REVOLUTION
1950’s Cuba ruled by
dictator Fulgencio
Batista
1959 Fidel Castro
leads revolution
Suspends elections,
controls press, jails
opponents
Nationalized
industries
U.S. loses
businesses
Castro turns to
Soviets for aid
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
1960- CIA trains
anti-Castro exiles
April 1961- they
invade Cuba
Cuba defends
themselves
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
July 1962 – Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev builds missiles
in Cuba
Oct. 1962President
Kennedy
demands their
removal and
begins naval
blockade
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS II
Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in
exchange for U.S. promise not to invade Cuba
Cuba dependent on Soviet aid
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
CIVIL WAR IN NICARAGUA
U.S. supports
dictator Anastasio
Somoza
1979 Communist
Sandinista rebels
take control
Daniel Ortega
receives aid from
both U.S. and
Soviet Union
CIVIL WAR IN NICARAGUA II
Sandinistas
provide aid to
Communist rebels
in El Salvador
U.S. then supports
Contras
1990 Nicaragua
holds free
elections
RUHOLLA KHOMEINI
1. What is an ayatollah?
2. How did The Republic
affect him?
3. Why did he dislike the
Shah?
4. What did Khomeini ban
during his rule of Iran?
CONFRONTATIONS IN MIDDLE
EAST
Religious and Secular Values
Clash in Iran
After WWII Shah Mohammed
Pahlavi welcomes Western oil
companies
Iranian nationalists unite under
Prime Minister Muhammed
Mossadeq
1953 Shah Pahlavi flees
U.S. helps Shah to return
U.S. SUPPORTS SECULAR RULE
Shah continues to westernize Iran
Conservative Muslim leaders led by Ayatollah
Ruholla Khomeini overthrows Shah in 1979
KHOMEINI’S ANTI-U.S. POLICIES
1979 U.S. embassy
in Tehran seized
Americans taken
hostage for 444
days
Khomeini
encourages Muslim
radicals to
overthrow secular
governments
IRAN AND IRAQ
1980- 1989
Iran and Iraq
go to war
AFGHANISTAN
1979 Soviets
invade
Afghanistan to
protect against
Muslim revolt
U.S. sends
weapons to
mujahideen to
fight Soviets
AFGHANISTAN II
Why did the U.S. arm the mujahideen?
1. Stop Communism
2. Protect oil of the Middle East
Soviet President Gorbachev
gradually withdraws troops
until 1989
SECTION 5 COLD WAR THAWS
Nikita Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon Johnson
détente
Richard M. Nixon
SALT
Ronald Reagan
SETTING THE STAGE
Soviet Union
controls its
satellite countries
Poland, Czech.,
Hungary,
Romania,
Bulgaria,
Albania, E.
Germany
SOVIET POLICY IN EASTERN
EUROPE AND CHINA
1950s and
60’s protests in
Eastern Europe
threatened
Soviet power
Tension with
China
DESTALINIZATION
1956 – Nikita
Khrushchev
initiates
destalinization
Eliminate
Stalin’s memory
“peaceful
competition”
RUMBLINGS OF PROTEST
October 1956Hungarian army and
protesters overthrow
government
Imre Nagy promises
free elections and
demands that Soviet
soldiers leave
November 1956Soviets invade take
control of
government and
execute Nagy
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
REVOLT IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1964- Leonid
Brezhnev replaces
Khrushchev
1968- Alexander
Dubcek desire
socialism with “a
human face”
Prague Spring
Aug. 20, 1968Warsaw Pact nations
invade
Brezhnev Doctrine
SOVIET-CHINESE SPLIT
1959- Khrushchev
refuses to share
nuclear secrets and
ends aid to China
Yellow- China
Red- Soviet Union
Black- non-aligned
BRINKMANSHIP BREAKS DOWN
NUCLEAR WAR!!!!
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
U.S. TURNS TO DETENTE
President Nixon replaces brinkmanship with
détente
1972- 1st president to visit China
SALT I treaty signed by Nixon and Brezhnev
limiting # of ICBM’s
COLLAPSE OF DETENTE
1979 President
Carter and
Brezhnev sign
SALT II
Congress does
not ratify
agreement due
to Soviet
invasion of
Afghanistan
REAGAN TAKES ANTICOMMUNIST STANCE
President Reagan- increases
defense spending
1983 – Strategic Defense
Initiative (SDI)
CHAPTER 19
Section 3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
A YOUNGER LEADER
Mikhail Gorbachev
Glasnost – “openness”
1. Churches reopen
2. Political prisoners released
3. Freedom of speech
GORBACHEV MOVES TOWARD
DEMOCRACY
Politburo- ruling committee of Communist
party
Censorship, restrict freedom of speech
REFORMING ECONOMY AND
POLITICS
Issues
1. Inefficient system of
central planning
2. No motivation
Perestroika – economic
restructuring
Small businesses
allowed
DEMOCRATIZATION OPENS
POLITICAL SYSTEM
Democratization – gradual
opening of the political system
Election of a new legislative
body
FOREIGN POLICY
Dec. 1987 – Gorbachev and
Reagan sign INF treaty.
SOVIET UNION FACES TURMOIL
Glasnost, Perestroika, and
Democratization reform leads to
Soviet Union Break up
Minority groups demand self-rule
LITHUANIA DEFIES GORBACHEV
March 1990 Lithuania declares
independence
Jan. 1991 Soviets attack
YELTSIN DENOUNCES GORBACHEV
June 1991
Boris Yeltsin
elected
president of
Russia
“Hardliners”
upset
August
Coup
Aug. 18,
1991hardliners
demand
Gorbachev
resign
END OF SOVIET UNION
Gorbachev
resigns on
Dec. 25, 1991
The Soviet
Union
collapses
Republics
declare
independence
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4
Changes in Central Europe
GERMANY REUNIFIES
Fall of the Berlin Wall
1989 East Germany
completely closes
borders
Protestors demand free
travel and elections
STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
Mr. Gorbachev,
tear down this
wall!
BERLIN WALL OPENS
November 9, 1989 Egon Krenz opens Berlin Wall
REUNIFICATION
Fear of a united
Germany
Helmut Kohl
assures world
leaders of a
democratic nation
October 3, 1990
