Download America Becomes A Colonial Power

Imperialism
The practice of building or extending an empire.
- a policy of extending ECONOMIC,
POLITICAL OR MILITARY control
over a weaker territory.
- any instance of aggressive extension
of authority
(PRO) WHAT DO THEY GAIN? WHAT RISKS DO THEY RUN?
Do the pros outweigh the cons?
WHAT DO THEY GAIN?
(PRO)
THEY RUN? (CON)
WHAT RISKS DO
DO THE PROS OUTWEIGH THE CONS?????????
1. MONEY-Commercial/Business
Interests-Natural Resources
2.5 Billion
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
2. POWER-Military/Strategic
Interests
“to be strong in the modern world, US products
must be sold. To secure these markets, a
strong navy is needed”. Capt. Alfred T. Mahan
3. Spread Culture-Social Darwinist
Thinking
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
5. Land-Expansion of the U.S.
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
Commodore Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Two Japanese ports are opened to American products
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani-1891
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
U. S. View of Hawaiians
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1893 – American
businessmen & US
Marines lead an
uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole
- provisional president
of the Republic of
Hawaii in 1894.
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898-Pres.
McKinley-US Territory
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
Jose Marti leads
the rebels
US Sugar Plantations set
ablaze by Cuban Rebels
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy in Cuba
Will America Help?
De Lôme Letter
Enrique Dupuy de Lôme,
Spanish Ambassador to the
U.S.
Letter uncovered Feb. 1898.
Criticized President McKinley
as “weak” "THE WORST
INSULT TO THE UNITED
STATES IN ITS HISTORY". NY
Journal
Americans were insulted
…………………
President McKinley sends the
Maine to Cuba
Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine,
Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898
The USS Maine
The USS MAINE
Feb. 15, 1898
The USS Maine
Arlington National Cemetery
266 US Soldiers are
buried.
Reporting the NEWS-Headlines
• Newspaper A ---“Search for Missing
Bride Continues”
• Newspaper B--- “Bride Missing!
Groom’s Family Blames History of
Mental Illness”
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
“You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!”
William Randolph Hearst
“Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!”
WHAT SANK
THE MAINE
?????
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the
Navy during the McKinley
administration.
Imperialist & nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having the
backbone of a chocolate
éclair!
TR sent Commodore Dewey
to the Philippines-May 1898
Resigned from his Naval
position
6. TR
Joined:
The
“Rough
Riders”
Why did the United States
invade Cuba?
• http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanish
americanwar/
•
“Awake United States!”
This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine on
February 15, 1898, and the declaration of war on April 25, 1898 .
Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
And how proudly sailed the warship Maine,
a Nation’s pride, without a stain!
A wreck she lies, her sailors slain.
By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain!
Eagle soar on high,
And sound the battle cry
Wave the starry flag!
In mud it shall not drag!
Humanitarian Efforts
W.M.
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
CUBA
The Rough Riders captured Kettle and San Juan
Hills-US Naval forces sunk the entire Spanish
Fleet in Cuba. Two months earlier Commodore
Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila
Bay, Philippines.
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave Puerto Rico and Guam to the
United States.
The U.S. paid Spain
$20 million for the
Philippines.
The U. S. became
an imperial power!
Should the United States Pursue
a Foreign Policy of Isolationism
or Interventionism?
Create t-Chart
Imperialism Anti-Imperialism
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1898. Writers,
social reformers, some
businessmen & racists.
Edward Atkinson, William
Jennings Bryan, Mark
Twain, Andrew Carnegie,
Jane Addams & Rev.Ames.
Campaigned against the
annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
"Now, children, you've got to learn these
lessons whether you want to or not!..."
The blackboard in the background reads
"The consent of the governed is
a good thing in theory, but very
rare in fact....England has
governed her colonies whether
they consented or not. By not
waiting for their consent she has
greatly advanced the world's
civilization....The U.S. must
govern its new territories with or
without the consent of the
governed until they can govern
themselves."
Is He To Be a Despot?
Puerto Rico
1900 - Foraker Act.
 Denied Puerto Ricans US citizenship
 Established a government in PR
 US President would appoint a governor & representatives
1917 – Jones Act-Puerto Rico= US Territory
 Puerto Ricans are granted US citizenship-w/o US voting rights
 No tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US
 PR’s elect their own legislators & governor to enforce
local laws-their gov. or the US President could veto laws
 (1993 voted no for statehood).
GUAM-US
Territory=U.S. Citizens (non-voting)
Puerto Rico
 No tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US
 PR’s elect their own legislators & governor to enforce
local laws-their gov. or the US President could veto laws
 (1993 voted no for statehood).
GUAM-US
Territory=U.S. Citizens (non-voting)
Cuban Independence
Teller Amendment (1898)-US would allow Cuban selfgovernment
Platt Amendment-to the Cuban Constitution (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs
3. Cuba would lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for a
naval base and coaling station.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino uprising
against U.S. occupation.
Three years brutal of war.
• Feb. 4, 1899-US & Filipino forces begin a
3 1/2 year war (400,000-600,000 / 4,000).
• Feb 6, 1899-US votes to annex the islands
• March 23, 1901-General Emilio Aguinaldo
is captured/US Education Programs begin
– Sedition Act Passed
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
The Great administrator.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
– By 1916: US agreed to grant independence
“as soon as conditions are appropriate”
– 1946: Independence Granted
The Open Door Policy
Sec of State John Hay.
“Open Door Policy” Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
The
Open Door
Policy
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Righteous Order of Harmonious
Fists-rebellion against foreigners.
“55 Days at Peking.”
230 Foreigners killed/30,000
Chinese Catholic converts killed.
Multi-national defense -1901
America as a Pacific Power
Speak Softly,
and Carry a Big Stick!
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Treaty of Portsmouth1905
* Ended the Russo-Japanese War
and Russian “interference” in the Japanese
interests in Manchuria and Korea.
* Japan received the right to annex Korea and
expand interests in Manchuria.
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908
* US & Japan recognize each other’s
colonial claims.
*Japan agreed not to meddle in the
affairs of US colonies.
* The “Great White Fleet” of 16 brand
new battleships was sent to impress
Japan. (EXPLAIN).
The Great White Fleet: 1907
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
Failed negotiations with Columbia led to an orchestrated
Panamanian rebellion of their Columbian rulers.
Panama: The King’s Crown
Dr. Walter Reed & Dr.
William Gorgas -conquer
yellow fever.
4,500 of 45,000 died
from disease or accidents
Construction began in
1904, ended 1914
Cost= $400 million
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
US exclusive until
1999
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
1823 Monroe Doctrine: 1905
“Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power”
The US would police the continent.
Constable of the World
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”19091913
US businessmen should
invest in underdeveloped
nations, rather than
lending US dollars.
The US Gov’t would
Sometimes make loans.
The U.S. Gov’t should
create stability and
order abroad that would
best promote America’s
commercial interests.
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Missionary Diplomacy 19131921
The U. S. should be the
conscience of the world.
Deny recognition to any
Latin American gov’t that
is oppressive, undemocratic
or hostile to US interests.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
WHAT FOREIGN POLICY GOALS DID THE
U.S ACHIEVE AS A Result of Imperialism?
• ACQUIRED NEW LAND & EXPANDED
ACCESS TO FOREIGN MARKETS-allowing
US economy to grow.
• BUILT A MODERN NAVY TO PROTECT
INTERESTS ABROAD.
• EXCERCISED ITS INTERNATIONAL POLICE
POWER TO ENSURE AMERICAN
DOMINANCE IN LATIN AMERICA
• $$ NEW LAND & FOREIGN MARKETS
=ECONOMIC GROWTH
• NATURAL RESOURCES-$$
• A MODERN NAVY TO PROTECT
INTERESTS ABROAD.—POWER
• INTERNATIONAL POLICE POWER