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World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era
Chapter 21
East Asia and Southeast Asia
1945–Present
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era
Chapter 21: East Asia and Southeast Asia 1945–Present
Section 1: Japan Becomes an Economic
Superpower
Section 2: From Revolution to Reform in China
Section 3: The Asian Tigers
Section 4: Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
Japan Becomes an Economic Superpower
• What factors made Japan’s recovery an
economic miracle?
• How did Japan interact economically and
politically with other nations?
• How are patterns of life changing in Japan?
1
Recovery and Economic Miracle
In 1945, Japan lay in ruins. What factors allowed Japan to recover
and produce an economic miracle?
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Japan’s success was based on producing goods for export. At first, the nation
manufactured textiles. Later, it shifted to making steel, and then to high
technology.
While Japan had to rebuild from scratch, the nation had successfully
industrialized in the past. Thus, it was able to quickly build efficient, modern
factories and adapt the latest technology.
Japan benefited from an educated, highly skilled work force.
Japanese workers saved much of their money. These savings gave banks the
capital to invest in industrial growth.
Japan did not have to spend money on maintaining a large military force.
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Japanese Motor Vehicle Exports, 1997
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Economic and Political Interaction
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The oil crisis of the 1970s brought home Japan’s dependence
on the world market. In response to the economic challenge the
oil crisis presented, Japan sought better relations with oilproducing nations of the Middle East.
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Japan has had to deal with nations that still held bitter memories
of World War II. Japan was slow to apologize for its wartime
actions. In the 1990s, Japanese leaders offered some public
regrets for the destruction of the war years.
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For many years, Japan took a back seat in international politics.
More recently, it has taken on a larger world role. Today, Japan
ranks as the world’s largest donor of foreign aid.
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Changing Patterns of Life
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In the 1990s, Japan faced a terrible economic depression.
Many workers lost the security of guaranteed lifetime
employment, and confidence was undermined.
In the 1990s, charges of corruption greatly weakened Japan’s
dominant political party, the LDP. Some younger, reform-minded
politicians broke with the LDP, threatening its monopoly on
power.
Today, most Japanese live in crowded cities in tiny, cramped
apartments.
While women have legal equality, traditional attitudes keep them
in subordinate positions in the workplace.
For decades, Japanese sacrificed family life to work long hours.
Many younger Japanese, however, want more time to enjoy
themselves. Some older Japanese worry that the old work ethic
is weakening.
2
From Revolution to Reform in China
• What were the effects of communist policies in China?
• What challenges did China face during the Cold War?
• How did calls for political reform lead to repression?
• What challenges face China today?
2
Communist Policies
Although some reforms did result in more access to education
and greater equality, people in China paid a heavy cost for Mao’s
programs. During the 1950s and 1960s, two efforts in particular led
to economic disaster and tremendous loss of life.
In the “Great Leap Forward,” Mao urged people to make a
superhuman effort to increase farm output.
• Food output slowed and backyard industries turned out lowquality, useless goods.
• A terrible famine occurred. Between 1959 and 1961,
up to 30 million Chinese starved to death.
The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to purge China of
“bourgeois” tendencies.
• The Cultural Revolution convulsed China. Schools and
factories closed. The economy slowed, and civil war threatened.
2
China and the Cold War
RELATIONS WITH THE
SOVIET UNION
Stalin sent economic aid and
technical experts to China, but he
and Mao disagreed on many
issues.
RELATIONS WITH THE
UNITED STATES
At first, the United States refused
to recognize the People’s
Republic of China and for years
tried to isolate China.
China and the Soviet Union
competed for influence in
developing nations.
Slowly, relations improved.
By 1960, border disputes and
clashes over ideology led the
Soviets to withdraw all aid and
advisers from China.
In 1979, the United States set up
formal diplomatic relations with
China.
2
Tiananmen Square
The crackdown showed that China’s Communist leaders
were determined to maintain control. To them, order was
more important than political freedom.
By the late 1980s, some Chinese were demanding
greater political freedom and economic reform.
In 1989, thousands of demonstrators occupied
Tiananmen Square and called for democracy.
The government sent in troops and tanks. Thousands
of demonstrators were killed or wounded.
2
Challenges Today
China’s human rights abuses have brought strong
pressure from trading partners such as the United
States.
Population growth strained the economy and posed
a challenge for the future.
As communist ideology weakened, government
corruption became a growing problem.
Many state-run industries were inefficient, but could
not be closed without risking high unemployment
and economic chaos.
Inequalities between rich and poor urban and rural
Chinese continued to grow.
3
The Asian Tigers
• How has China influenced Taiwan and Hong
Kong?
• How did Singapore modernize?
• Why has Korea remained divided for more
than 50 years?
3
Asian Tigers
The term “Asian tigers” refers to Taiwan, Hong Kong,
Singapore, and South Korea.
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All four are small Asian lands that became
“newly industrialized countries” by the 1980s.
They are known for their aggressive economic growth.
Although they differ in important ways, all followed similar roads
to modernization after 1945.
All four were influenced by China.
In each, the Confucian ethic shaped attitudes about work.
All four had stable governments that invested in education.
3
Taiwan and Hong Kong
Both Taiwan and Hong Kong have deep cultural and historical
links to China.
TAIWAN
HONG KONG
Taiwan was ruled by China
until 1895, when it fell to
Japan.
Britain won Hong Kong
from China after the Opium
War.
Hong Kong’s prosperity
was based largely on trade
and light industry.
The Japanese built some
industry, providing a
foundation for later growth.
Taiwan first set up light
industries and later,
developed heavy industry.
After the Cold War,
Taiwanese businesses
invested in companies on
the Chinese mainland.
Hong Kong also became a
world financial center.
Hong Kong’s amazing
growth was due in part to
its location on China’s
doorstep.
In 1997, Britain returned
Hong Kong to China.
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How Did Singapore Modernize?
During his 30 years in power, Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew:
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supported a free-market economy
attracted foreign capital by keeping labor costs low
expanded Singapore’s seaport into one of the world’s busiest harbors
welcomed skilled immigrants
insisted on education for all of Singapore’s people
encouraged high-tech industries, manufacturing, finance, and tourism
followed a Confucian model of development, emphasizing hard work
and saving money
3
The Two Koreas
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States
divided Korea along the 38th parallel.
Before long, North Korea became a communist ally of the Soviet
Union. The United States backed noncommunist South Korea.
In 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. The war turned into
a stalemate.
In 1953, both sides signed an armistice, or end to fighting. The
armistice has held for 50 years, but no peace treaty has ever
been negotiated.
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Korean War, 1950 – 1953
4
Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim
• How did war affect Vietnam and Cambodia?
• What challenges faced the Philippines and the
developing nations of Southeast Asia?
• Why is the Pacific Rim a vital region?
4
War in Vietnam and Cambodia
In mainland Southeast Asia, an agonizing liberation struggle
tore apart the region once known as French Indochina.
VIETNAM
Communists fought against
noncommunists supported by the
United States for control of
Vietnam.
After the United States withdrew
from the war, the North
Vietnamese reunited the country
under communist rule.
The communist victors imposed
harsh rule in the south.
Vietnam had to rebuild a land
destroyed by war.
CAMBODIA
During the Vietnam War,
fighting spilled over into
neighboring Cambodia.
In 1970, the United States
bombed and then invaded
Cambodia.
When the United States left,
communist guerrillas called
Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot,
slaughtered more than a million
Cambodians.
In 1979, Vietnam invaded and
occupied Cambodia.
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Vietnam War, 1968 – 1975
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The Philippines
In 1946, the Philippines gained freedom after almost 50 years of American
rule.
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. Marcos promised
reform but became a dictator.
In 1986, the people of the Philippines forced Marcos to leave in what was
called the “people power” revolution.
Corazón Aquino became president and restored the fragile democracy.
Challenges:
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The country enjoyed economic growth during the 1990s, but many
people remained poor.
Government corruption and guerrilla wars threatened the nation’s
stability.
The Philippines experienced rapid urbanization.
Natural disasters caused setbacks.
Many enterprising Filipinos left the country.
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Developing Nations of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asian nations faced many problems
after independence.
They lacked experience in self-government.
They faced complex ethnic and religious conflicts.
Demands for political freedom and social justice were frequent.
MYANMAR
INDONESIA
For years, repressive
military rulers battled rebel
ethnic minorities. They
isolated the country and
imposed state socialism.
Geography posed an obstacle
to unity in Indonesia.
In 1990, the government
held elections. The
opposition party won, but
the military rejected the
election results.
The 1997 Asian financial
crisis led to riots against the
government.
Under authoritarian rule,
Indonesia made great
economic progress.
A new government was elected
and faced many problems.
4
The Pacific Rim
In the modern global economy, Southeast Asia and East Asia are
part of a vast region known as the Pacific Rim. It includes
countries in Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean.
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By the 1990s, the volume of trade across the
Pacific Rim was greater than that across the
Atlantic. The region has potential for further
growth.
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Countries on the Pacific Rim formed a huge
market that lured investors, especially
multinational corporations.
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The development of the Pacific Rim promises
to bring the Americas and Asia closer together.