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The Rise of America Power Chapter 11 Section 1 From Old Diplomacy to New The Period from 1865 to 1900 saw the United States become increasingly involved in Global affairs. The end of the Civil War in 1865 and the growth of industrialization led to increasing American power and a change in U.S. diplomacy. The development of the telegraph and the Morse Code prior to the Civil War led to speedier communication over long distances. A revolution in communications brought the world closer together between 1865 and 1900. Cyrus Fields created the transatlantic cable in 1866 that allowed messages to travel through cables at the bottom of the ocean floor between Europe and the United States. Cyrus Fields American Attitudes Toward Internationalism There was much disagreement about whether the United States should expand its power and take on a greater role in international affairs by adopting imperialism (expansionist policies). Arguments for Expansion Many U.S. businesses favored expanding U.S. power for economic reasons. After the west was settled, some businesses looked for new economic frontiers- new markets, new investment opportunities in the vast, nonindustrialized world beyond U.S. borders. Arguments Against Expansion Some feared that foreign involvement would lead to foreign wars. What wars would we be eventually led into? Anti-imperialists were led by William Jennings Bryan; they opposed the acquisition of an overseas empire by the United States as contrary to the American ideals of freedom and democracy. They feared that foreign possessions would involve the U.S. in future wars. Competition for Spheres of Influence France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and Japan forced the Chinese government to grant spheres of influence. The sphere of influence is economic control and the enjoyment of sole trading rights (or special privileges) within a region by an imperialist power. Open Door Policy U.S. Secretary of State John Hay called on the imperialist powers in China to allow all nations equal trading rights, and not to take any more of China’s territory. The Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt by nationalistic Chinese to expel the imperialists from China by force. The United States, Japan, and the European powers put together an international army to rescue trapped people in the embassies. This force crushed the Boxer rebellion. The foreign powers forced China to pay them an indemnity (a sum of money to cover damages and deaths). Acquisition of Hawaii The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in the pacific is a good example of U.S. imperialism. Queen Liliuokalani was a Hawaiian ruler who was overthrown by United States Marines and American sugar growers in 1893. In 1900 a treaty providing for the annexation of Hawaii was approved by the Senate. (Hawaii entered the Union as the 50th state in 1959.) Spanish-American War The Splendid Little War was what the Spanish American War also referred to as. In 1895, a revolt against Spanish rule broke out in Cuba. Three years later, the United States came to the support of the Cuban people by declaring war against Spain. The events caused the SpanishAmerican War were Yellow Journalism, De Lome Letter, sinking of the Maine, and for strategic reasons because military and naval planners thought that Cuba might provide an ideal naval base for U.S. ships. They also argued that an island only 90 miles from Florida should not belong to a European power. Yellow Journalism Influential yellow journalist newspapers were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Both publishers squeezed all the sensation they could out of the violent conflict in Cuba. Reports of Spanish atrocities were often greatly exaggerated. De Lome Letter The New York Journal created an incident with Spain when it printed a secret letter written by the Spanish ambassador which insulted the American president. Uncomplimentary to President McKinley, the letter and its publication helped push the U.S. and Spain closer to war. Sinking of the Maine The U.S.S. Maine, an American battleship anchored in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, had mysteriously exploded and sunk, killing about 250 of its crew. What caused the explosion is still a mystery today? The newspapers made out that Spain deliberately blown up the Maine with a bomb and urged the U.S. to go to war. Famous Battles Battle at Manila Bay (Commander Dewey captures the Philippines from Spain) Battle of El Caney Battle of San Juan Hill These two battles led the Spanish to surrender the Cuban port of Santiago. Results of the treaty ending the war with Spain Spain gave two islands to the United States: Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific. Spain granted Cuba its independence. Spain “sold” the Philippines to the United States for the bargain price of only $20 million. Platt Amendment Passed by Congress in 1901, to bring Cuba under U.S. control. Cuba was required to provide the U.S. with a naval base, not cede any territory to a foreign power, and allow the U.S. to intervene in its affairs. Protectorates Protectorates are nations whose foreign policy was controlled by the U.S., including the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba in the West Indies. The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary was where President Roosevelt asserted that the Monroe Doctrine justified American intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations so as to prevent European powers from doing so. Foreign intervention was viewed as a threat to U.S. interests. “Opening” of Japan Perry arrived in Japan with an American fleet. Perry wanted to open up trade with Japan and gain assurances that Japan would assist shipwrecked U.S. sailors. After Perry showcased industrial technology to the Japanese the leadership in Japan adopted a policy of learning Western technologies and making Japan into a modern industrial nation. Watchful waiting is the wait and see policy adopted by Woodrow Wilson toward Mexico when the dictator Victoriano Huerta seized power after the 1910 revolution. Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government, hoping that it would be overthrown. Poncho Villa In 1916 Poncho Villa raided towns in New Mexico and Southern Texas killing 19 Americans. U.S. troops sent in to Mexico to kill the bandit outlaw Villa. Poncho Villa