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U.S. HISTORY Goal - 4 Review GOAL 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor class (1860s-1896) Students will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation. Objectives: 4.01 Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced. 4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment. 4.03 Describe the causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism. 4.04 Describe innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West. Content Issue: Manifest Destiny was a phrase that expressed the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Manifest Destiny advocated for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Advocates believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"). American expansion was good for democracy because people in the western frontier actively participated in the political process Content Issues: The U.S. government opened the great plains to western settlement and as a result native American lands were acquired by white settlers who wanted protection from the U.S. military leading to many wars and massacres of Native Americans. Senator Henry Dawes a reformers believed that Indians would never bridge the chasm between "barbarism and civilization" if they maintained their tribal cohesion and traditional ways. He saw the Dawes Act as the first step toward transforming, and assimilating native Americans into main stream white culture. Western settlers built Sod houses, because they were literally, dirt cheap and wood was un available. Sod houses were warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Western families on the great plains huddle in their sod homes as prairie fires swept their farms. Sod homes were needed until the nineteenth century, when the railroads made wood available on the prairie. Content Issues: The Central Pacific started building the Transcontinental Railroad eastward from Sacramento, demand for Chinese workers increased greatly. The CP figured they needed 5,000 Chinese immigrants workers to build the railroad, but thousands more were required. Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of progressive racism. AntiChinese sentiment had existed ever since the great migration from China during the gold rush, where white miners and prospectors imposed taxes and laws to inhibit the Chinese from success. Racial tensions increased as more and more Chinese emigrated, occupied jobs, and created competition on the job market. By 1882 the Chinese were hated enough to be banned from immigrating; the Chinese Exclusion Act, initially only a ten year policy, was extended indefinitely, and made permanent in 1902. Content Issues: the Interstate Commerce Act The Grange fought against high rail road rates created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation. The Granger movement laid the foundation for the Populist party. Fighting to bring about economic and political balance in the west in the following areas: Small Farmers and Big Businesses Farmers and Railroads rates Debt and the need for Free silver or cheap money Content Issues: The power of voters expanded Populism Regulation of railroads the Interstate commerce Acts Government control of Big Business Interstate Commerce Act The Interstate Commerce Act required that railroads charge fair rates to their customers and make those rates public. This legislation also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which has the authority to investigate and prosecute Railroads businesses that overcharged Refrigeration technology was primitive, but in 1878 Swiss commissioned engineer Andrew Chase to design a refrigerated railroad car. Air circulated over ice in refillable bins at the top of the car. As it cooled and became heavier, the air dropped down into the compartment, forcing warmer, lighter air out through ventilators and keeping the compartment cold. Refrigeration allowed Swift to sell his product internationally, transforming the meat business. In the speech, Bryan articulated the feelings of Americans from the South and West who felt that the currency system and its effects had injured their financial and cultural interests. These sections saw a more flexible monetary system and some degree of inflation as a cure for the economic ills that afflicted farmers, miners, and industrial workers. Bryan captured their grievances and gave them eloquent expression in his “Cross of Gold” Speech. Content Issues: The foundation of the College of Engineering traces its roots to the Morrill Act of 1862. This act provided for a land grant institution in each state and territory. the Agriculture College and Experiment Station. Content issues Mormons and Irish migration west was due to religious persecution in the mid-1800,s These groups moving west Chinese, Blacks, Irish and Mormons were used as cheap labor sources. Content Issues: Western expansion was achieved by the transcontinental railroad Native American genocide Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant Act Content Issues: Nativists believe there are right and wrongs type of people immigrating to America Nativist oppose immigration on the grounds it takes jobs away from Americans American businessmen support immigration for cheap labor Content Issues: Western Expansion had the greatest impact on the exploitation of Native Americans Native Americans were forced to assimilate into white society Content Issue: Cheap labor Northern factories used immigrants to work in factories for low wages The south used black sharecroppers as cheap labor after the civil war The open-range system on the plains allowed interregional herd movement. In winter, Kansas cattle sometimes drifted southward from the Platte and Arkansas rivers into the Public Land Strip or Cherokee Strip or southward from the Beaver River into more southerly ranges, even as far south as the Little and Red rivers. Fencing in the range could correct the problem, and thus the barbed-wire product found early application in the Texas Panhandle. The windmill was used to pump water to the crops for irrigation of large farms. The steel plow was the first step to making farm equipment more efficient. A single plow to covered more area the traditional methods. Western farmers were able to plant enough crops to take care of our growing nation agricultural needs. There was a time when as many as 50 to 60 million buffalo roamed the great plains from Alaska to Mexico. Massive herds moved across the plains leaving trails that are today railroads lines. The American Indians lived well on the prairie when the buffalo were so plentiful. When the Europeans moved west massive herds of buffalo were exterminated. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had described the U.S.-Mexico boundary vaguely, and following the Mexican-American War, the United States and Mexico continued to dispute the border between the two countries. The addition of new American territories granted by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was driving western development, and there were rival plans to build railroads to the west coast.