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The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, and tables for a) explaining how physical features and climate influenced the movement of people westward; Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west Land eroded by wind & water – Low rainfall Frequent dust storms 1850-1890 - Before 1860, those who crossed the Mississippi generally traveled all the way to the west coast. Few settled in the Great Plains. Living on the Great Plains presented many challenges to settling there. The winters were bitter cold. There were few rivers and streams for water There were few trees for wood. Low rainfall caused drought and dust storms. Fierce winds and frequent dust storms eroded and blew away the soil. The remaining tough soil was thought to be unsuitable for farming. Before the Civil War, the Great Plains were considered a "treeless wasteland". Encouraged by the Homestead Act of 1862 Gave willing farmers FREE land on the Great Plains You had to live on the land for 5 years to get the free land New technologies allowed people to live in more challenging environments Farmers and immigrants now flocked to the Great Plains during the decades after the Civil War. People began to see the Great Plains no longer as a "treeless wasteland" but as a vast area to be settled. The MAIN innovations and technologies that encouraged settlement of the Great Plains and help people adapt to the very challenging environment of the Great Plains were: -Railroads -Barbed Wire -Steel Plows -Sod Houses -Beef cattle raising -Wheat Farming -Dry Farming -Windmills 1860-1890 The railroad network in the US grew fast. The Transcontinental Railroad, completed in 1869, was made of many different lines. The railroad linked the Atlantic & Pacific coasts & opened the vast interior to people who wanted to settle there. The railroad made trade between different parts of the country easier, encouraging industrial and economic growth. In the early 1800s, cattle ranches began appearing on the Great Plains, especially in Texas. Demand for beef was high, and as railroads developed, ranchers would drive their cattle north to meet up with the lines. Raising cattle was perfect for the plains, as the cattle could eat the grass and keep moving so they would not over eat an area. The invention of barbed wire allowed farmers to keep cattle from nearby ranches off their fields and away from their crops. Farmers adopted an improved strain of Russian wheat which required less water and grew well in the dryer soil of the Great Plains. With improved steel plows, farmers could break up the tough soil. To conserve limited moisture during dry weather by reducing or even eliminating runoff and evaporation, thereby increasing soil absorption and retention of moisture. The sod squares, cut from the soil, had long grass roots in them and thus were tough yet flexible. The sod homes proved to be cool in the hot summer and warm in the winter. New models of windmills were used throughout the Great Plains to pump water from the ground and to provide power. relationships among natural resources, transportation, and industrial development after 1865. Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets. Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population. Transportation of resources - Railroads could reach interior areas, including places where an inadequate water supply or rough terrain made canals impossible. By 1840, the United States had almost three thousand miles of track By 1860, a network of thirty thousand miles linked most of the nation's major cities and towns. Moving natural resources (e.g., copper and lead) to eastern factories. Copper and lead mines discovered in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. It was shipped by rail to eastern factories. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh was key! In mid-1800s, huge, easily mined deposits of highgrade iron ore were discovered in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Because iron ore could be transported more economically than coal, (the other ingredient needed for steel) iron ore was shipped by rail to Pittsburgh. (coal was in PA already) By 1860 Pittsburgh became the center for the emerging new steel industry. The need for armaments in the Civil War gave a great boost to the city’s iron industry. The new “Bessemer process” allowed iron and coal to be converted cheaply into steel, which was manufactured into a variety of products from nails to rails. Transporting finished products to national markets. Producers used the railroads to ship raw materials to factories and to send manufactured goods from factories to markets quickly around the U.S. Textile industry: New England Automobile industry: Detroit Steel industry: Pittsburgh Textile industry: New England Automobile industry: Detroit Steel industry: Pittsburgh locate the 50 states and the cities most significant to the historical development of the United States Northeast Rocky Mountain Southeast Pacific Midwest Non-Contiguous Southwest Maine Vermont New Hampshire Connecticut Massachusetts Rhode Island New York New Jersey Pennsylvania North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Arkansas Maryland Delaware West Virginia Virginia Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Kansas Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Texas Oklahoma New Mexico Arizona Colorado Utah Nevada Montana Wyoming Idaho Washington Oregon California Alaska Hawaii locate the 50 states and the cities most significant to the historical development of the United States. THE CITIES! Boston, one of the oldest cities in America Evokes a distinct European feel, which is evident in the city's culture. The city's role in the American Revolution has led to the nickname, the "Cradle of Liberty.“ Known for it’s textile industry in early US history. By 1850, already the most populated American city. Most immigrants arrived at Ellis Island. Many remained in NYC and many more moved to other parts of the U.S.A. Known as the “The City of Brotherly Love” Liberty Bell is here It was the social and geographical center of the original 13 American colonies. Philadelphia gave birth to the American Revolution and to the American ideals of liberty, democracy and independence. Situated on 3 rivers Ohio River Allegheny River Monongahela River Know for STEEL Industry during industrial revolution Was established by the Constitution of the United States to serve as the nation's capital. Pierre Charles L'Enfant designed the city as a bold new capital for the bold, new nation. Railroad hub of the South Eastern USA, connecting GA to TN and points west. During the Civil War, Union General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground (70% of buildings destroyed) Napoleon sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Jazz was created here. 1st major port in the Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi River) Center of automobile industry. a French fort and missionary outpost founded in 1701 grew to one of the largest American cities by the early 20th century Center of meat packing industry. Incorporated as a city in 1837, Chicago was in a great spot to take advantage of the trading created by the nation’s westward expansion. Jane Addams built the Hull House to help immigrants adjust to living in the USA. Settled in 1764 and named after King Louis IX of France Considered the “gateway” to the Western US. Still hub & crossroads of many railroads & highways. Texans here staged a revolt against Mexican rule, but were slaughtered by Mexican General Santa Anna at the Alamo. With the battle cry "Remember the Alamo", Texans eventually captured the Mexican dictator and Texas became an independent republic. Capital of New Mexico During the 1850's, many people headed west on the Santa Fe trail which stretched from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe. From Santa Fe, other trails took travelers on to California and elsewhere. Unsettled until the late 1850s. Became important trade city due to gold being found in nearby areas. 1870’s - the railroad brought massive growth and expansion. Founded in 1847 by Prophet Brigham Young Begun as a safe place for members of the Mormon Church Now serves as a banking and mining center Begun in 1850s by loggers. Grown as a major shipping hub for Pacific trade Also a major starting point for travel to Alaska In 1776, the Spanish founded the Presidio Army Base. 1849- discovered gold dust in a saw mill & San Francisco became the entrance port to the legendary land of gold in the West. Chinese came to build Transcontinental railroad, Chinatown was founded. established on 4 Sept. 1781 Oil was discovered in 1892. Has railroad lines that lead to the port. 1880, prospectors Harris and Juneau discovered gold. Has been state capitol since 1906. Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter“ Honolulu is a focal point for merchant ships traveling between N. America & Asia. 1898- Hawaii becomes a state
